A dicationc ionic liquid was synthesized and immobilized on chitosan as a catalyst for cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides for synthesis of cyclic carbonates.
A phosphovanadomolybdate hybridized with an anchored dicationic ionic liquid on Al-MCM-41 was prepared through the anion exchange and characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis, XRD, XPS, TGA, TEM, FESEM, ICP-OES and BET techniques. The obtained data demonstrated that the composite is a porous material with the high surface area and also having a large pore volume which are 405 m 2 g −1 and 0.616 cm 3 g −1 respectively. The prepared composite has shown an acceptable catalytic activity for converting benzene selectively to phenol with hydrogen peroxide as eco-friendly oxidant.Under the optimized reaction conditions, the hybrid catalyst resulted in phenol yield of 14.8% with 100% selectivity and a TOF value of 20.0 h −1 . The catalyst also revealed a desired recovery and reusability. The efficient performance of the composite is related to the textural and polyoxometalate properties.
When a single metal fails to promote an efficient Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction at ambient temperature, the synergistic cooperation of two distinct metals might improve the reaction. To examine the synergistic effect of palladium and nickel for catalyzing Suzuki coupling reaction, g-C 3 N 4 supported metal nanoparticles of PdO, NiO and Pd-PdO-NiO were prepared, characterized and their catalytic activities evaluated over different aryl halides at room temperature and 78°C.The morphological characterization of Pd-PdO-NiO/g-C 3 N 4 demonstrated that the bimetallic particles were uniformly dispersed over the g-C 3 N 4 layers with diameters ranging from 3.5-7.7 nm. XPS analysis showed that nanoparticles of Pd-PdO-NiO consisted of Pd(II), Pd(0) and Ni(II) sites. The experiments performed on the catalytic activity of Pd-PdO-NiO/g-C 3 N 4 showed that the prepared catalyst demonstrated an efficient activity without using toxic solvents.
The current study explored whether critical thinking skills can be cultivated among Iranian EFL learners through keeping dialogue journals written through paper-and-pen (traditional) and through email (modern). Moreover, the study compared Traditional Dialogue Journal Writing with Modern Dialogue Journal Writing to see which one has probably a greater potentiality for improving critical thinking in an ELT context. To this end, it adopted a quantitative design and selected 85 participants non-randomly from among intermediate EFL learners in Iran. To collect the data, a Preliminary English Test as a homogeneity test and Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Form were utilized. Statistical analysis of the finding revealed that dialogue journaling, both traditional and modern, was a fruitful experience for developing critical thinking. Moreover, contrary to the researchers' assumption, traditional Dialogue journal proved to have a greater potentiality for the development of critical thinking. The study provides implications for ELT contexts.
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