The miniaturization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) physical sensors is driven by global connectivity needs and is closely linked to emerging digital technologies and the Internet of Things. Strong technical advantages of miniaturization such as improved sensitivity, functionality, and power consumption are accompanied by significant economic benefits due to semiconductor manufacturing. Hence, the trend to produce smaller sensors and their driving force resemble very much those of the miniaturization of integrated circuits (ICs) as described by Moore's law. In this respect, with its IC‐, and MEMS‐compatibility, and scalability, the silicon nanowire is frequently employed in frontier research as the sensor building block replacing conventional sensors. The integration of the silicon nanowire with MEMS has thus generated a multiscale hybrid architecture, where the silicon nanowire serves as the piezoresistive transducer and MEMS provide an interface with external forces, such as inertial or magnetic. This approach has been reported for almost all physical sensor types over the last decade. These sensors are reviewed here with detailed classification. In each case, associated technological challenges and comparisons with conventional counterparts are provided. Future directions and opportunities are highlighted.
The randomness of generated power by renewable energy resources has led experts in this field to provide sustained and permanent load supply with hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs). This study investigates the modeling of an off‐grid HRES based on the wind turbine/photovoltaic/gas generator for supplying the consumption of a residential complex in Tehran (capital of Iran). To this end, the HOMER software has been implemented. After calculations, the capital cost and cost of energy of each component are estimated in different HRES models. In addition, parameters such as power generation, emissions, and thermo‐economic analysis of different models of the hybrid system have been investigated. Two models of optimum HRES (based on the lowest net present cost [NPC]), with and without wind turbines, were compared. According to the results, the fuel consumption and emissions caused by the operation of the gas generator will decrease by 53% as a result of using a wind turbine despite an 8% increase in NPC. This is an important achievement regarding high air pollution in Tehran. Based on the results, using a gas generator instead of a diesel generator leads to an 18% decrease in NPC. Additionally, in comparison to using a gas generator only, using the hybrid system leads to a 43% reduction in NPC.
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