Scan to discover onlineBackground & Objective: Reproductive toxicity of cadmium (Cd) as an environmental toxicant has been proved in animals and humans. Exposure to Cd impairs testes organs and can reduce male fertility. The present study was designed to investigate the spectrum of histopathological changes in testicular tissue focusing on Sertoli cells in rats following Cd intoxication.Methods: In the present experiment, acute testicular toxicity was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 1.2 mg/kg CdCl2 to the animals in the test group, while the control group received normal saline. After 52 days, the animals were euthanized, and testicular tissue was stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin. In addition, immunohistochemical staining was performed on Sertoli cells for Wilms' Tumor, Melan-A, and CD99 to evaluate histopathological changes.Results: Cd caused significant alterations in seminiferous tubules with varying effects on the patterns of spermatozoa production. These histopathological changes were significantly higher in the Cd group, compared to the control group. Conclusion:The Cd-induced stepwise spectrum changes included sloughing, disorganization, hypospermatogenesis, spermatic cell arrest, germ cell hypoplasia, Sertoli cell-only pattern, fibro-hyalinized seminiferous tubules, and calcification. Sertoli cells accumulated and created multinucleated giant cells in the seminiferous tubules during the atrophic process, which could be dependent upon Sertoli cells viability and function.
Background Urinalysis is a critical diagnostic test which is performed in routine veterinary medicine practice. In this diagnostic test, semiquantitative measurement of urine biochemical substances is carried out using urinary dipstick. In the current study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of human urinary dipsticks to estimate pH, specific gravity (SpG), and protein in 80 urine specimens collected from horses. These parameters were measured using two commercial human dipsticks (KP and MN in abbreviation) and quantitative reference methods. The reference methods for pH, SpG, and protein were pH meter, handheld refractometer, and pyrogallol red method, respectively. The correlation between the semiquantitative dipstick analysis and quantitative reference methods was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results In general, our results revealed that the both human urinary dipsticks are unreliable tests for urinary pH, SpG, and protein content in horses. The analysis indicated that there was a poor correlation between the urine dipsticks and reference method (KP: r S = 0.534 and MN: r s = 0.485, Ps < 0.001) for protein. Additionally, there was a weak correlation between the results of pH measured using the urine dipsticks and reference method (KP: r S = 0.445 and MN: r s = 0.370, Ps < 0.001). Similar findings were obtained for SpG (KP: r S = 0.285, MN: r s = 0.338, Ps < 0.001). The estimation of proteinuria using the human dipsticks in horses lacked specificity, as many false positive protein results were obtained. Conclusion We observed that the human commercial urinary dipsticks used in this study were not reliable to correctly estimate urine protein, SpG, and pH in horses.
Endotoxemia is an acute systemic reaction of the body caused by the presence of endotoxins such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the blood, which is associated with clinical signs. Lipopolysaccharide is a part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of E-coli lipopolysaccharide administration on histomorphometric changes in mice ovarian tissue. Adult female mice were randomly divided into the control and treatment groups, with ten mice in each. The treatment group received 6750 µg/kg of lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneally and in the control group, normal saline was injected at the same dosage. Five mice from each experimental group were euthanized on days 3 & 30 after the beginning of the treatment, then the right ovary was removed, fixed and serially sectioned for histomorphometric evaluation. The results obtained showed that 3 days after lipopolysaccharide injection the estimated ovarian parameters, including primary follicles, secondary follicles and corpora lutea, had decreased significantly (P≤0.05). The mean number of antral follicles was not influenced by lipopolysaccharide injection on days 3 and 30. The mean number of primary follicles on day 30 (53.4 ± 4.6) showed a significant increase in comparison with the treatment group on day 3 (42.1 ± 4.1) which was close to its values in the control group. The mean number of secondary follicles and corpora lutea on day 30 (36 ± 4.8 and 34.2 ± 10.8, respectively) showed a relative improvement, however it was still lower than the control group counterparts (49.5 ± 5.0 and 39.2 ± 3.9, respectively). According to our results, endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide has short-time deleterious effects on ovarian follicles but they recovered somewhat after a short time equal to a folliculogenesis cycle, from primordial follicle to preovulatory antral follicle.
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