This paper describes the specifications developed by and distributed to all of the centrifuge test facilities involved in LEAP-UCD-2017. The specified experiment consisted of a submerged medium dense clean sand with a 5-degree slope subjected to 1 Hz ramped sine wave base motion in a rigid container. This document describes the detailed geometry, sensor locations, methods of preparation, quality control, shaking motions, surface markers, and surface survey techniques.

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Background. Various occlusal schemes have been introduced over the years to enhance the stability, comfort, beauty and function of complete denture, of which lingualized, bilateral balanced and monoplane occlusions are the most recommended. The aim of this study was to compare the strain in mandibular denture-supporting structures in three different occlusal schemes. Methods. Two mandibular and maxillary models were simulated using epoxy resin, and strain gauges were embedded on each side of the mandible in mental foramen, buccal shelf and distolingual area. Strain values were measured in three occlusal schemes at centric occlusion protrusive and lateral movements. Data were analyzed with one-way and three-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc Tukey tests. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results. The mean strain in denture-supporting area was lower in monoplane occlusion than the two other occlusal schemes, and the mean of values in the buccal shelf was higher than that of mental foramen and distolingual area. In all the three occlusal schemes, the mean strain values on the working side were higher than those on the non-working side during eccentric movements. Conclusion. Monoplane occlusal scheme imposed lower strain on denture-supporting area, with the buccal shelf being the primary strain-bearing area to tolerate more pressure than the rest of the denture-supporting areas. In terms of strain distribu-tion scheme, in all the three occlusal schemes, the working side received more strain than the non-working side during eccen-tric movements.

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In the analysis of soil–pile interaction under lateral load, the behaviour of soil around a pile is an important parameter which has a great influence on the results. In this paper the three-dimensional deformation pattern of soil around laterally loaded piles was studied on small-scale physical models in the laboratory using the particle image velocimetry method. In each step of loading two digital cameras were used to capture the deformed piles and soil, one above and the other on the side. One of the cameras was placed vertically in front of the test box and the other horizontally on top of it. Image processing was undertaken to evaluate the three-dimensional behaviour of deformed soil. Particle image velocimetry analysis was undertaken to obtain the displacement. The deformation pattern and shear strains of soil around laterally loaded single pile and pile groups were studied. The effects of pile length, stiffness and diameter on the soil deformation pattern were investigated. The group effect and interaction between piles in pile groups were also studied. Experimental results showed that a conical passive zone is established in front of laterally loaded piles.