To study genetic relationship of Cyprinus carpio var. communis, Cyprinus carpio var. specularis and Carassius carassiuscollected from different locations of Kashmir, India, two molecular approaches viz. PCR-RFLP of Cyt b gene and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used. Twenty five samples for each of the species collected from different locations of Kashmir, India were used for this study. Of the 12 random primers used 8 generated the polymorphism, while as four out of 7 restriction enzymes used gave polymorphic restriction patterns. The average proportion of polymorphic markers across restriction endonucleases was 74.4%, whereas random primers showed 82.23% polymorphism. The study showed RAPD marker efficiently helped in inter-and intra-species variation of the species. In contrast PCR-RFLP showed bias in detecting intraspecific variations. However, it was found an efficient tool for inter-specific variation between the species under study. The unweighted pair group method with averages (UPGMA) was used to construct two separate dendrogram for RAPD and PCR-RFLP which resulted in two clusters, one containing C. c. communis and C. c. specularis and the other included the C. carassius species. The Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that scale carp (C. c. communis) is closest to mirror carp (C. c. specularis) than crucian carp (Crassius carassius). Mean values of haplotype and nucleotide diversity across the species were 0.0200 and 1.0000±0.0113, respectively. Adding more populations with increased sample size of each species will be imperative to draw more definitive conclusions about species characterization within this region.
Liver and intestines affected by an cestode parasite viz., Bothriocephalus acheilognathi along with their host (Schizothorax niger) were collected randomly. Bothriocephalus acheilognathi causes damage to the intestinal tissues and induce complex host response; the affected fish were anemic and emaciated. The viscera were dark red on opening the abdomen. The intestinal contents showed lot of mucous and contained dark contents. The mucosal wall was red in colour and revealed necrotic surface. The histopathological changes were varied in severity with the season and parasitic burden. Intestinal infection of Bothriocephalus with Adenoscolex was usually seen together. Severe enteritis with heavy infilitration of inflammmtory cells and fibroblasts seen in lamina propia. Liver cells showed severe degenerative changes.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.