The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of an organic acid (citric acid), antibiotic growth promoter (avilamycin), and their combination for a period of 35 d on the growth, feed efficiency, carcass yield, tibia ash, and immune status of broilers. One hundred sixty 1-d-old broiler chicks (Hubbard Classic) were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 4 replicate cages having 10 birds in each. A corn-soybean-based diet was used as the basal diet (control). The basal diet was supplemented with an organic acid (citric acid, 0.5%), an antibiotic growth promoter (avilamycin, 0.001%), and their combination in other groups. The highest BW was attained in citric acid-fed chicks (1,318 g), which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than control chicks (1,094 g) or avilamycin-fed chicks (1,217 g). The combination-fed chicks showed similar weight (1,246 g) as citric acid- or avilamycin-fed chicks (P > 0.05). Total feed intake was higher in citric acid-fed chicks compared with antibiotic-supplemented chicks. The addition of citric acid improved feed conversion efficiency (g of weight gain/ kg of feed intake) significantly (P < 0.05) compared with control chicks or its combination with avilamycin. Higher carcass weights were found in chicks fed the combination diet. Supplementation of citric acid increased tibia ash percentage significantly (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Addition of citric acid reduced the pH of the formulated diets. An improvement of immune status was detected by densely populated immunocompetent cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of cecal tonsils and ileum and also in the cortex and medulla of bursa follicles in citric acid-supplemented chicks. Supplementation of citric acid at 0.5% in the diet had positive effects on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, bone ash, and immune status of broilers. Therefore, citric acid might be a useful additive instead of antibiotic growth promoters such as avilamycin, considering performance and health status of broilers.
. W. 2010. Effect of dietary citric acid, flavomycin and their combination on the performance, tibia ash and immune status of broiler. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 90: 57Á63. The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of citric acid (CA), the antibiotic growth promoter flavomycin (FL) and their combination on the growth performance, tibia ash and immune status of broilers. One hundred and sixty straight run day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard Classic) were randomly distributed into four dietary groups, with four replicate cages having 10 birds in each. Standard cornÁsoybean-based basal starter diet was given to control birds. Diets for other groups were further fortified by 0.5% CA, 0.001% FL and their combination (0.5% CA plus 0.001% FL). On day 35, CA and its combination (CA'FL) group had 17 and 12% increase in live weight compared with control, respectively (PB0.05). Total live weight on day 35 was 1141, 1337, 1169, and 1275 g bird Á1 in different groups, respectively (PB0.05). Cumulative feed intake was higher (P B0.05) in CA and its combination (CA'FL) compared with the control and FL groups on day 28. Supplementation with CA improved (P0.05) feed conversion ratio [FCR; feed intake (kg):weight gain (kg)] compared with FL and its combination (CA'FL). Carcass yield was increased (P0.05) due to the addition of CA and its combination (CA'FL). Tibia ash content in the CA group (59.0) was higher (PB0.05) than in the control (53.6%), FL (53.1%) and their combination (57.1%). The lymphocyte cells associated with immunity in the lymphoid organs (caecal tonsil, bursa Fabricius and ileum) were more densely populated, suggesting an increased level of innate immunity in the CA group. Overall mortality was low (1.25%), and there were no treatment-related effects on mortality. Citric acid reduced the pH of formulated feeds, but mild reduction was found in the pH of the faeces. Dietary supplementation of 0.5% CA increase weight gain, feed intake, tibia ash deposition and non-specific immunity (PB0.05) as well as feed efficiency and carcass yield (P0.05) of broilers. Citric acid has potential as a growth promoter to replace the antibiotic growth promoter FL. . Les oiseaux du groupe AC avaient plus (PB0,05) de cendres dans le tibia (59,0%) que ceux du groupe te´moin (53,6%), du groupe FL (53,1%) et du groupe prenant le me´lange (57,1%). Les organes lymphoı¨des (gros intestin, amygdales, bourses de Fabricius et ile´on) renfermaient plus de lymphocytes associe´s au pouvoir immunitaire, ce qui laisse croire que les oiseaux du groupe CA jouissaient d'une meilleure immunite´inne´e. Dans l'ensemble, le taux de mortalite´e´tait faible (1,25 %) et les traitements n'ont eu aucune incidence sur la mortalite´. L'acide citrique re´duit le pH de la ration, mais celui des fe`ces ne connaıˆt qu'une le´ge`re baisse. L'addition de 0,5 % d'AC aux aliments
The study was conducted to assess the level of BARI Aam-3 mango variety adoption, factors affecting adoption and farmer’s perceptions about this variety in four districts namely Khagrachori, Bandorban, Naogaon, and Satkhira of Bangladesh during February to March, 2018. A total of 128 BARI Aam-3 growers and 72 non-growers were selected using multi-stage random sampling technique. Logit model was used to assess the determinants of adoption. The study revealed that BARI Aam-3 was the most adopted variety (57%) than other and it covered 47.5% of the total mango production in the study areas. Most of the rice and vegetable fields are occupied by BARI Aam-3 and majority of the respondents practiced intercropping with BARI Aam-3. Family size, sex, training, and extension linkage had significant positive effect on adoption of BARI Aam-3 mango variety while age and farm size had negative effect. Three fourth (75%) of the respondents collected information about this variety from other neighbor farmers while about 43% learned from Department of Agricultural Extension office. More than half of the respondents (63%) have strong ambition to enlarge their BARI Aam-3 mango variety orchard in the future for its unique features such as non-alternate bearing and early fruiting. Climate change, price fluctuation, higher labour costs and access of Indian mango to the market prior releasing this variety were the major bottlenecks for wider adoption of this variety. The study concluded that there is an urgent need to create a sustainable market environment to ensure a better market price for the mango growers. In addition, training and extension services need to expand all over the country to increase the rate of adoption of BARI Aam-3 mango variety. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(3): 301-311, December 2018
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