The nature and origin of the photon and elementary rest masses are some of the challenging problems that physics face. The approaches used to solve these problems are complex and time-consuming. Specifically, the photon rest mass pays attention to theoretical physicists. Many experimental works show that the photon rest mass is non zero. This problem can be solved using generalized potential dependent special relativity, which has been derived using simple arguments, and Maxwell's equations, besides the conventional Einstein energy-momentum relation. The results obtained show that the rest mass of photons and elementary particles are strongly dependent on the vacuum energy and a universal constant. This result conforms with the models that predict time decaying vacuum energy associated with production of smaller rest mass particles followed by larger masses. The two potential dependent mass expressions conform with the cosmological models that suggest the photon is generated first by assuming the universe consisting of total constant vacuum with decaying cosmological part and mass generating part. Using Maxwell's equations, beside plank and De Broglie hypothesis together with special relativity energy-momentum relation the photon rest mass is estimated. It was shown that the photon rest mass is extremely small
In this work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine the constituent of Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) collected from five different locations in Sudan.Gum samples were irradiated with 80 mJ pulse energy of Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm) and Atomic spectra Database was used for the spectral analysis of the plasma emitted from these samples. It was found that the samples contain the elements C, O, H, S, N, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co with different amounts. Some elements like (Ti, Br, Ar, Th, Kr, Sc and Pr) are recorded here for the first time.
Plank quantum and classical string energy relations seem to be uncorrelated. This work correlated them. The relativistic energy-momentum relation has been used together with plank and de Brogglie hypothesis to prove that the wave group velocity is equal to the particle velocity in both ordinary and curved space. The Plank energy relation is shown also to be related to the classical energy relation of an oscillating string. Starting from plank energy relation for n photons and performing integration, the expression of classical string energy was obtained. This means that one can treat electromagnetic waves as a collection of continuous photons having frequencies ranging from zero to w. Conversely, starting from classical string energy relation by differentiating it with respect to angular frequency, the plank quantum energy for n photons has been found. This means that the quanta results from separation of the electromagnetic waves to single isolated waves. Each wave consists of n photons or quanta.
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