The drilling fluid must be designed through a comprehensive process to select the right additives, and then must passed through different API standard evaluation processes to ensure the quality. However, the contamination of the drilling fluid with the drilled cuttings caused a significant alteration in the drilling fluid and sealing properties of the drilling fluid. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to identify the effect of different cuttings on the drilling fluid properties. The current work emphasized on the impact of four different cuttings (quartz sandstone, Argillaceous sandstone, Siliceous claystone, and Kaolinitic claystone). The utilized cuttings in this work were selected carefully from different sandstone types to have varied clay content ranged from 0 to 70%. The selected cuttings were prepared and then characterized in term of their mineral composition and particle size distribution. In order to accomplish the objective of this work, the base mud contains zero cutting concentration, after that, an additional four drilling fluid samples were prepared by adding the prepared cuttings in two different concentrations include 5 wt.% and 10 wt.%. Several indispensable tests were conducted to investigate the impact of the added cutting on the rheological properties, filtration performance, filter cake properties, and other primary properties such as the drilling fluid density and pH. The results exhibited that the fluctuation of fluid properties was governed by two factors, one was the cutting concertation and the other was the clay content. Filter cake thickness showed high sensitivity at the low cutting concentration while the other properties were mostly in the acceptable range. On the other hand, at higher concentration, the results fall down into two clusters: cuttings with clay content ranging from 0 to 50% (quartz sandstone cuttings, Argillaceous sandstone, and Siliceous claystone) and cuttings with clay content higher than 50% (Kaolinitic claystone) as shown in details in the result section of this work. This works highlight the important of considering the cutting impact on the drilling fluid properties which ultimately impact the whole drilling operations.
The importance of permeability cannot be under-stimated. It is used in crucial equations used to determine quantities analysed by reservoir, drilling, and production engineers. Using permeability along with other properties is important to understanding reservoir behaviour when wells are drilled, to calculate the rate of the fluid flow, as illustrated by Darcy's equation that relates fluid flow to permeability. Measuring permeability in the laboratory with the conventioanl available steady-state equipment can be time consuming, especially if it was done by gas injection which requires measuring at different pressure points to satisfy Klinkenberg equation. A quick measuring equipment called the prob permeameter have been used for many years, it quantitatively performs a permeability point measurement as a function of position on either a whole core, slabbed core or a rock slab. However, despite of its prompt and easy measurement, most of the results represents a general idea about the actual permeability and sometimes even falls out of the range, which makes it unrelaiable. Series of experiments were conducted for a variety of rock samples with a wide range of permeability ranging from tight to permeable, to compare the generated results between both of the above equipment. The results were graphed and been compared using different point of views, mathematicalwise, petroleum engineeringwise, and geologicalwise. Ultimately, an equation to correlate between the results was developed graphically and using logistic regression techniques.
Formation damage phenomenon constitutes serious operational and economic problems to the petroleum production. Oil production in certain reservoirs is inadvertently impaired by precipitation and deposition of the high molecular weight components such as paraffin wax. A facile applicability of synergistic effects of thermochemical reaction and ultrasonication to mitigate wax deposition has been presented in this article. Thermochemical heat source has to do with exothermic heat generation from certain chemical reactions. On the other hand, ultrasonication causes cavitation and implosion of bubbles, which is trasimmted as energy in the medium and assit in detaching contaminants from the surface. Series of imbibition experiments were conducted at different ultrasound frequencies (low 28kHz, and high 40kHz), exposure times (20, 40, and 60 mins), and different molarities (M1, M2, and M3) of the thermochemical fluids (TCF), for removing wax deposit from tight Scioto Sandstone core samples. The performance was followed through permeability and porosity tests, as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analyses. Ultimately, the results revealed promising potentials for the proposed technology for efficient paraffin wax removal from a tight rock sample up to 70% within the experimental limits investigated.
<p>Research into the resting stage and dispersal of benthic foraminiferal using propagules is helping to reshape our understanding of dispersal and the distribution of benthic foraminifera.&#160; As a result, our understanding of what constitutes a dominant and cryptic species is also changing.&#160; In other words, individual and multi-species assemblages appear to respond differently to one or more specific environmental conditions. This, in turn, is responsible for the noticeable changes or lack of, in a community structure. In the current study, we investigated the community structure of benthic foraminifera retrieved from samples collected from three locations in Eleuthera Island, Bahamas to understand the similarities and differences in the assemblage composition and structure. Our main undelaying assumption is that, given the three locations are spatially connected and receive a similar load of propagules, they should be similar compositionally without any other influences. However, our preliminary result indicates significant differences among the time average populations sampled. This finding, tentatively indicate the influence of environmental gradients among the sampled sites. Our observations corroborate previous conclusions arrived in several papers working on the &#8220;propagule method&#8221;, which seeks to examine the ecology of benthic foraminifera through their mode of dispersal and settlement.</p>
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