The application of strong electric fields in water and organic liquids has been studied for several years, because of its importance in electrical transmission processes and its practical applications in biology, chemistry, and electrochemistry. More recently, liquid-phase electrical discharge reactors have been investigated, and are being developed, for many environmental applications, including drinking water and wastewater treatment, as well as, potentially, for environmentally benign chemical processes. This paper reviews the current status of research on the application of high-voltage electrical discharges for promoting chemical reactions in the aqueous phase, with particular emphasis on applications to water cleaning.

These results indicate that clinical characteristics of HFmrEF are intermediate between HFpEF and HFrEF and that HFmrEF dynamically transitions to HFpEF or HFrEF, especially within 1 year, suggesting that HFmrEF represents a transitional status or an overlap zone between HFpEF and HFrEF, rather than an independent entity of HF.

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In this investigation, results obtained using a pulsed discharge for organic compound removal are presented. The degradation of phenol by a streamer corona discharge and spark discharge, the effects of hydrogen peroxide additive on removal efficiency, and photochemical oxidation by ultraviolet light from the discharge plasma channel were investigated. The intermediate products and final byproducts formed by the spark discharge were also studied. A preliminary study of the degradation mechanism inside and outside the plasma channel was carried out. It was found that the removal efficiency of organic contaminants in the aqueous solution was higher for the spark discharge than for the streamer corona discharge and was greatly influenced by the discharge type and additive. The energy efficiency was the highest (6.91 × 10 -3 µmol/J) for the case with hydrogen peroxide injection and spark discharge. The main intermediate products produced by the spark discharge during the treatment process were hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, and p-benzoquinone. These intermediate products disappeared when the treatment time was increased.

Results obtained using a pulsed-streamer corona discharge for organic compound removal are reported in this investigation. The removal of phenol and the effects of various parameters on the removal efficiency were studied. The intermediate products and final byproducts were also studied. It was found that the organic contaminants in aqueous solution could be destroyed effectively by the pulsed-streamer corona discharge and that the organic compound removal was greatly influenced by gas injection (bubbling). In addition, a preliminary study of the reaction mechanism was performed. Byproducts were determined for phenol removal. The main intermediate products produced by the pulsed-voltage discharge during the treatment process were hydroquinone, pyrocatechol and 1,4-benzoquinone. These intermediate products disappeared when the residence time was increased. By analysing the total carbon content of the treated phenol solution, it was found that 83% of the total organic carbon was removed without oxygen bubbling and 86% was removed with oxygen bubbling. Carbon dioxide emitted in the gas phase was measured by an absorption method.

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