It is necessary to consider variations of circuit element values for power electronic converter design to satisfy a given specification for a frequency characteristic or a dynamic transient response because the variations of element values generate those of the designed characteristic. Therefore element values and their variation ranges should be designed to give a satisfactory characteristic within an allowable specification range or a tolerance. This analysis is so-called tolerance or worst-case analysis. The analysis is a sort of nonlinear minimum and maximum (min/max) problem with respect to circuit or system parameters. However it is not possible to solve a transient type problem generally. Hence, the problem is converted to a simpler and easier one with various techniques. This paper proposes a new Genetic Algorithm (GA) method, or a sort of a modified relay-search-GA, which is suitable for practical and efficient tolerance analysis by considering diversity of solutions. Output voltage analysis examples of three types of converters for element parameter variations are investigated for effectiveness of the proposed method.
A magnetic quadrupole lens system coupled to a 30° bending deflection magnet was designed and constructed to realize a beam focusing of Xe+ ions with the energy less than 200 eV. Compared to a triplet electrostatic quadrupole lens system, the quadrupole doublet magnetic lens system showed a larger beam transmission, indicating the mitigation of the space charge in the beam transport region free of the electrostatic field. The misalignment of the magnetic field axis was observed probably due to a slow change in magnetization of magnetic materials to construct the magnetic circuit of the quadrupole lens. A countermeasure to realign the beam axis by coupling the permanent magnets to trim coil electromagnets is proposed.
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