A built-in method of on-chip solar battery in a CMOS LSI is proposed. The proposed solar battery can be formed using conventional CMOS process technology. It can generate a high voltage of 0.6-0.83 V by a series connection structure of two types of p-n junction diodes formed with the CMOS circuit simultaneously on the LSI chip. The generated voltage is sufficient to drive the conventional CMOS circuit without modification. The test chip was produced experimentally using conventional 0.35 µm CMOS technology, and the drive performance of the on-chip solar battery was evaluated. The conversion efficiency of the proposed solar battery was 2.6%. The area of the solar battery required for power consumption was 6.1 mm 2 /µW in the case of the 2000lx illumination.
Background & Aims: The prevalence of artificially administered nutrition and hydration (AANH) in different age groups among patients with advanced cancer remains unknown. The present study investigated the current utilization of AANH according to age groups in palliative care units. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. We obtained information on primary nutritional administration routes during the first week of admission and data on the averaged calorie sufficiency rate or total calorie intake on the 7th day of admission. Patients were divided into five age groups ( 18e39, 40e59, 60e74, 75e89, and 90-years). Among patients receiving AANH, the proportions of higher-calorie AANH were compared between the five age groups. Results: A total of 1453 patients were included. The proportion of patients categorized as receiving nutrition and hydration via the parenteral route was the highest in the 18e39 and 40e59 groups (52.4 and 41.1%, respectively). Among patients receiving AANH (n ¼ 534), the proportions of patients categorized into the <25% or <250 kcal/day group were 57.9% in all groups, 18.2% in the 18e39 group, and 50.0e66.4% in the other groups. The proportions of 50% or 500 kcal/day and 25% or 250 kcal/day in each age group significantly decreased with age (p ¼ 0.003 and 0.002, respectively).
Conclusion:The present results revealed large variations in the use of AANH in different age groups and indicate that AANH was more frequently utilized in younger age groups in palliative care units.
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