I n t h e rectenna a r r a y used f o r r e c t i f ic a t i o n of t h e microwaves received on t h e ground i n t h e s o l a r power s a t e l l i t e system, i t i s required t h a t t h e rectenna elements have a high dc power conversion e f f i c i e n c y and t h a t t h e element spacing i s optimized so t h a t t h e a r r i v i n g microwave power i s received e f f i c i e n t l y and t h e number of e l ements can be reduced.I n t h i s paper, a microwave r e c t i f i e r is f a b r i c a t e d i n an i n t egrated form w i t h a m i c r o s t r i p l i n e on a t e flon s u b s t r a t e . A c i r c u l a r m i c r o s t r i p patch antenna i s used. A high r e c t i f i c a t i o n e f f iciency, 66.7 percent i s obtained a t a microwave input of 750 mW and 75.7 percent f o r input of 500 mW. With t h i s rectenna element, a 7 x 7 l a t t i c e a r r a y i s formed and t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e r e c e i v i n g e f f i c i e n c y ( t h e r a t i o of t h e power converted t o d c t o t h e i n p u t microwave power) i s measured by varying t h e element spacing. On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e r e c e i v i n g e f f i c i e n c y i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r a given element spacing of t h i s rectenna a r r a y from t h e c i rc u i t equation of t h e antenna system by der i v i n g t h e mutual coupling between t h e elem e n t s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e element spacing of a f i n i t e a r r a y and t h e r e c e i v i n g e f f i c i e n c y i s obtained both experimentally and t h e o r e t i c a l l y . This computation method i s extended t o t h e c a s e w i t h many elements so t h a t t h e change of t h e r e c e i v i n g e f f iciency i s i n v e s t i g a t e d . 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n The s o l a r power s a t e l l i t e (SPS) i s a system i n which s o l a r power generation i s c a r r i e d out on a spsce s t a t i o n and i t s power i s t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e ground a f t e r being 88 converted t o a microwave a t 2.45 GHz. The rectenna a r r a y i s used t o r e c e i v e t h i s microwave on t h e ground and t o convert t o t h e dc power. The rectenna (receiving and r e c t i f i e r antenna) i s a device c o n s i s t i n g of an antenna t o r e c e i v e t h e microwave and a r e c t i f i e r c i r c u i t t o convert t h e received microwave t o dc power. The rectenna a r r a y i s required t o have a c a p a b i l i t y t o c o l l e c t t h e i n c i d e n t microwave power without l o s s (capture e f f i c i e n c y ) and t h e one t o convert t h e received microwave t o t h e dc power without l o s s (transmission e f f i c i e n c y from t h e antenna t o t h e r e c t i f i e r and r e c t i f i c a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y ) . Since t h e microwave from t h e space illuminates an a r e a of about 100 km2, the number of rectenna elements is enormous. For t h e c o s t reduction, t h e element spacing must be made a s l a r g e a s p o s s i b l e t o reduce t h e number. The purpose of t h i s research i s t o f a b r...
Objective. To investigate the existence of autoantibodies to killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), especially p58.1 (KIR2DL1) and p58.2 (KIR2DL3), in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Methods. Sera from 30 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 22 patients with Behçet's disease, and 20 healthy control subjects were tested for anti-p58.1 and anti-p58.2 antibodies by Western blot analysis using recombinant p58.1 and p58.2 proteins. Furthermore, clinical features and laboratory data were compared between the anti-p58.1/58.2 antibody-positive and -negative patients. Results. Anti-p58.1 antibodies were detected in 7 (23.3%) of the 30 patients with SLE, 9 (30%) of the 30 patients with RA, and 6 (27.3%) of the 22 patients with Behçet's disease. Anti-p58.2 antibodies were detected in the same 22 patients who were positive for the anti-p58.1 antibodies. None of the serum samples from the healthy donors were positive for antibodies to the recombinant p58.1 or p58.2 molecules. Compared with the anti-p58.1/ 58.2 antibody-negative patients, the anti-p58.1/58.2 antibody-positive patients had significantly elevated levels of serum IgG in all 3 diseases tested, an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in RA and SLE, and decreased white blood cell counts in RA.Conclusion. This report is the first to describe the presence of autoantibodies to KIR2DL (p58.1 and p58.2) in the sera of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Considering the correlation with several clinical features, these autoantibodies may be involved in the pathologic process of the autoimmune diseases.
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