Experimental and numerical studies were made of the secondary flow induced in fully developed oscillatory laminar flow in a curved circular pipe. Photographs of traces of nylon particles suspended in water were taken systematically with Womersley numbers α = 5.5 ∼ 28 and oscillatory Dean numbers D = 40 ∼ 500. The secondary flow velocity component and the location of the vortex eye were obtained from the photographs. The experimental results were checked with the numerical ones and the variations of the secondary flow pattern with the Dean and Womersley numbers were analysed based on both results. These results suggest that secondary flows can be classified into five patterns.
Twelve high schools in Japan (of which six are in Fukushima Prefecture), four in France, eight in Poland and two in Belarus cooperated in the measurement and comparison of individual external doses in 2014. In total 216 high-school students and teachers participated in the study. Each participant wore an electronic personal dosimeter 'D-shuttle' for two weeks, and kept a journal of his/her whereabouts and activities. The distributions of annual external doses estimated for each region overlap with each other, demonstrating that the personal external individual doses in locations where residence is currently allowed in Fukushima Prefecture and in Belarus are well within the range of estimated annual doses due to the terrestrial background radiation level of other regions/countries.
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