The number of criminal cases requiring facial image identification of a suspect has been increasing because a surveillance camera is installed everywhere in the city and furthermore, the intercom with the recording function is installed in the home. In this study, we aimed to analyze the usefulness of a 2D/3D facial image superimposition system for image identification when facial aging, facial expression, and twins are under consideration. As a result, the mean values of the average distances calculated from the 16 anatomical landmarks between the 3D facial images of the 50s groups and the 2D facial images of the 20s, 30s, and 40s groups were 2.6, 2.3, and 2.2mm, respectively (facial aging). The mean values of the average distances calculated from 12 anatomical landmarks between the 3D normal facial images and four emotional expressions were 4.9 (laughter), 2.9 (anger), 2.9 (sadness), and 3.6mm (surprised), respectively (facial expressions). The average distance obtained from 11 anatomical landmarks between the same person in twins was 1.1mm, while the average distance between different person in twins was 2.0mm (twins). Facial image identification using the 2D/3D facial image superimposition system demonstrated adequate statistical power and identified an individual with high accuracy, suggesting its usefulness. However, computer technology concerning video image processing and superimpose progress, there is a need to keep familiar with the morphology and anatomy as its base.
The reliability of the morphometric matching method for identifying the blurred images of Caucasian faces was examined experimentally using a computerassisted facial image identiˆcation system. For evaluating the match of the 3D and 2D facial images in the same person (a match), the 3D facial image obtained from 10 subjects was compared to the 2D oblique facial image of the same subject ten times, yielding 100 superimpositions. In the case of diŠerent persons (non-matching), the 3D facial images of 10 subjects were each compared to the 2D facial images of other 9 subjects, yielding 90 superimpositions. As a matching criterion, the sum of the values of the average perpendicular diŠerence of the facial outlines and the average point-to-point diŠerence between the corresponding landmarks was used (abbr.: average diŠerence).The range of the average diŠerence was 3.6 6.3 mm for the matching person and 5.8 15.3 mm for non-matching persons, respectively. The average diŠerence and percentage error at the FP/FN crossover point were 6.0 mm and 3.2 percent. In this experiment, it was concluded that the morphometric matching method would be applicable to the identiˆcation of blurred images of Caucasian faces.
The skeletal remains of five individuals with an unusual postmortem course were discovered in a house. According to the explanation of the putative bereaved family, the postmortem interval of the five remains was between five and 20 years. They also explained to the police that they and the dead family members believed that the dead can be resurrected, and they had kept the bodies indoors, so the bodies had followed an unusual postmortem course. The five dead were identified by kinship analysis using DNA typing. For DNA extraction, we used the DNA extraction method with ultrafiltration and a silica-based DNA extraction kit. As a result, complete amplification STR profiles were obtained from DNA from bone samples of all five skeletons and their identity was proven by kinship testing.
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