The single-stage separation factors for boron isotopes between an ion-exchange resin and an external solution were determined, using an ion-exchange breakthrough operation. The lighter isotope boron-10 was considerably enriched in the anion-exchange resin phase. The separation factor was very much influenced by the boric acid concentration in the external solution, but not as much influenced by the kind of the anion exchange resin used and operation temperature. The separation factor increased with a decrease in the boric acid concentration of external solution from 1.008 (0.501 mol/l) to 1.016 (0.010 mol/l). The value of the separation factors obtained experimentally were compared with those estimated on the basis of the theory of the two-phase distribution of isotopes.
The aggregation behavior of sodium taurocholate (TC) in deuterium oxide without salt was investigated by one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the concentration dependence of the chemical shift suggests that TC forms a dimer and a pentamer. The equilibrium constants of dimerization and pentamerization are close to those already determined by chromatography in the presence of 154 mM sodium chloride. The structure of the dimer is estimated from the NOESY and ROESY spectra of a 8 mM TC solution and molecular mechanics calculations. The inter-proton distances calculated from the molecular mechanics structure are consistent with the NOE and ROE intensities, whereas those calculated from the X-ray crystal structure (hydrogen-bonded structure) are inconsistent. The molecular mechanics structure is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between the steroid nuclei and by reduced electrostatic repulsion between the sulfonate ions. The local structures of the pentamer are estimated on the basis of the ROESY spectrum of a 30 mM TC solution. The pentamer of TC is formed mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Thus, a novel NMR method in surfactant chemistry has provided the first step to resolve the 20-year debate about the structures of dimers and micelles of TC. This novel approach in surfactant chemistry will serve to estimate the structures of micelles of other natural and synthetic surfactants.
Isotope separation of 233U by anion exchange
chromatography based on the U(IV)−U(VI) exchange is
studied. After long-distance migration, 233U
enrichment is observed at the rear band boundary. To examine
the
isotope effects of 233U, 234U, and
238U, three-isotope plots of local enrichment factors are
constructed for the isotopes
contained in sample fractions of the eluted uranium band. The
results clearly show an anomalous mass dependence
for 233U. We previously reported that the even-mass
nuclides 232U, 234U, 236U, and
238U show a regular mass-dependence in their isotope separation behaviors, while 235U
does not fall on the same line. The isotope effects
of
the odd-mass nuclides 233U and 235U deviate
from the linear mass dependence observed among the even-mass
nuclides.
The isotope effects observed in chemical exchange are shown to be
closely related to the isotope shifts in the atomic
spectra of uranium isotopes.
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) increases the sensitivity of the contractile response to activation by Ca2+ in permeabilized tracheal smooth muscle. Increased tension was associated with a proportional increase in myosin light chain phosphorylation. The site of phosphorylation was determined to be serine-19, which corresponds to the site rapidly phosphorylated by myosin light chain kinase. GTP gamma S did not affect the contraction induced by the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid but did enhance contraction produced by Ca(2+)-independent myosin light chain kinase. In tracheal homogenates Ca(2+)-dependent myosin light chain kinase activity was not affected by GTP gamma S; however, dephosphorylation of 32P-labeled heavy meromyosin by phosphatase was inhibited. Thus GTP gamma S may increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile elements in tracheal smooth muscle by inhibition of protein phosphatase activity toward myosin light chain.
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