Over the years, many accidents have occurred during chemical experiments in laboratories around the world. However, the methods of investigating and analysing accidents that have occurred at universities have not been consolidated, and the lessons learned from these accidents have not been shared. In this study, accident investigation reports of explosions in chemistry laboratories at two universities were analysed with an analysis tool based on the software/hardware/environment/liveware (SHEL) model. As a result, university accidents were classified as epidemiological models, and it became clear that the contributing factors to the accidents, which were investigated and analysed using the SHEL model, can be used as learning experiences and therefore applied for the prevention of accidents at other universities. Universities around the world need to come together to formulate research and analysis methods, rules for creating accident reports, etc. and provide a place for sharing information that will enable them to make use of the lessons learned from all kinds of accidents.

In his Swiss cheese model, Reason states that no one can foresee all possible accident scenarios. If holes can be visualized and the relationship between holes and latent conditions can become clear, then it is possible to control the occurrence of holes. The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between latent conditions and the characteristics of holes. In this study, 84 serious marine accidents, divided into six types, were analyzed. Furthermore, the safety management system (SMS) in organizations and risk management at local workplaces were considered as defensive layers, and 10 latent conditions were defined by modifying the software-hardware-environment-liveware (SHEL) model. The following results were found. Holes in the SMS defensive layer tend to arise during the early stages of the plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle, except for cases involving sinking. Holes in the defensive layer of risk management tend to arise during the early stages of the risk management process in cases involving collisions, occupational casualties, fire, or explosion. The most frequent latent condition was an inadequate condition of operators, but was not necessarily the same for different types of accidents. These findings indicate that the locations of and reasons for the opening of holes can be determined. By applying a method for closing holes in combination with the findings of this study, accidents can be systematically prevented.

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Human factors is playing an important role in every accident, particularly marine accidents. Hence, a lot of researches were conducted to analyze the human factors involvement in the accidents. Since the development of marine industry shows progressively increasing nowadays, especially in Indonesia, as Indonesia vision to be a global maritime axis of the world for marine industry, the awareness of safety life at sea has to be increase as well. Human reliability analysis (HRA) consist of many methodologies to analyze the accidents, the basic steps of HRA is qualitative method and quantitative method, one of the HRA methodology is Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) methodology which has been established in 1982 to assess nuclear power plant. HEART methodology is applied in this study to analyze the cause of marine accidents by human factors. The aims of this study are to know the main cause of accidents by human factors, to increase the awareness of safety at sea especially, and furthermore to improve the quality of ergonomics at sea. There are 93 EPC which discovered in this study for analyzing marine accidents in Indonesia.

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