This study showed that 1 gene promoter methylation is strongly associated with bladder transitional cell carcinoma comprising carcinoma in situ.

Patients without a muscle layer in the specimen had high risk for progression. The initial TUR must have a muscle layer in the specimen. Variations of progression rates in previous studies might be due to different proportions of patients who had a muscle layer in TUR specimens.

Lymphangiomas are rare benign tumors that are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. Most cases present in children as a soft, cystic mass in the neck and the axilla. Primary renal lymphangioma is exceedingly rare, with only 35 cases reported so far. We report a case of primary lymphangioma arising from the kidney. A 59-year-old man was referred for evaluation of a right renal mass found in an abdominal ultrasonography during a health checkup. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) revealed a 3.2 ¥ 2.9 cm multiloculated cystic mass in the upper pole of the right kidney. We could not deny malignant disease such as cystic renal cell carcinoma with any diagnostic modalities. The patient was brought to surgery. During the surgical procedure, the tumor was suspected to be lymphangioma of the kidney as a result of a frozensection histopathological evaluation. Therefore enucleation of the tumor was performed. Pathological evaluation of the specimen revealed lymphangioma arising from the kidney. The patient is free of disease after a 3-month follow-up period.

There is no standard second-line chemotherapy treatment for recurrent or metastatic urothelial cancer (MUC). The purpose of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the three-drug combination of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and nedaplatin (TIN). Patients with MUC were eligible after treatment failure with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin, or gemcitabine and cisplatin. Doses for TIN therapy were paclitaxel 175 mg ⁄ m 2 on day 1, ifosfamide 1500 mg ⁄ m 2 on days 1-3, and nedaplatin 70 mg ⁄ m 2 on day 1, every 4 weeks. Tumor response, the primary efficacy parameter, was assessed according to unidimensional measurements (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria, version 1.0). Secondary efficacy parameters were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Toxicity was assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 3.0. A total of 45 patients (13 females and 32 males) with MUC were evaluable for response and toxicity. The overall response rate was 40.0%. Median PFS time was 4.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6-11.6). Median OS time was 8.9 months (95% CI, 10.5-18.9). Grade 3 or 4 hematologic adverse events were neutropenia (95.6%), anemia (15.6%), and thrombocytopenia (17.8%). The most common grade 3 or 4 non-hematologic adverse events were anorexia (4.4%) and elevated aspartate transaminase ⁄ alanine transaminase (2.2%). No toxic death was observed. The main limitation of this study is that only 10 patients (22.2%) who were previously treated with gemcitabine and cisplatin were included. In conclusion, TIN as second-line treatment for MUC is an active regimen with a manageable toxicity profile. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1171-1175 U rothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the fourth most common cancer in men.(1) Systemic chemotherapy has been the mainstay of management for metastatic urothelial cancer (MUC).(2) Cisplatin-based combinations have evolved as the standard for first-line systemic therapy for MUC. The methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) regimen was reported to show an impressive complete remission rate of approximately 40-50% with substantial toxicity and a toxic death rate of 3-4% in MUC. (3,4) The gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) regimen provides almost the same response rate as MVAC with less toxicity.(5) Neither of the two combinations proved superior over the other with prolongation of survival up to 14.8 and 13.8 months for MVAC and GC, respectively.(6) With cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy, patients with lymph node metastases only, good performance status, and adequate renal function may achieve excellent response rates, including a high degree of complete responses, with up to 20% of patients achieving long-term disease-free survival.However, no standard therapy has been established for patients pretreated for MUC.(7) Recently, new combination regimens, including paclitaxel and gemcitabine, (8)(9)(10) and paclitaxel and carboplatin, (11) indicated the effi...