tate and methyl benzoate (90:10 w/w) and used for the thickness-period library. Different amounts of this mixture were dispensed using a micropipette (Brand Transferpette) in the different columns. Solvent was evaporated under ambient conditions. Thicknesses were characterized using a stylus profilometer (Dektak 3M). The same mixture of solvents was used for the composition-period libraries.The exposure was performed using an USHIO lithographic system (filter at 365 nm, intensity 5 mW cm -2 ). After exposure and heating, all the samples were fully polymerized by flood exposure for 10 min and heating at 80°C for an additional 10 min to fix the relief structure. We checked that this step had a minor influence on the final relief structure. The topography was measured using an automated atomic force microscope (NT-MDT Solver P7 LS, Moscow, Russia) with a motorized Yh-stage. The stage moves automatically to the 44 programmed coordinates on the sample surface corresponding to different processing conditions (e.g., energy-period, temperature-period). In case of the temperature-period library, the sample was virtually divided into 44 samples (11 × 4) and temperatures were estimated using a contact thermometer. All samples were prepared in a clean room (class 100). Recent advances in biotechnology enable us to identify peptides with an affinity for non-biological materials and, in particular, those that mediate the mineralization of inorganic matter. The use of functional peptides is attracting immense interest in the development of bottom-up fabrication procedures of nanometer-scale devices. In biological systems, proteins such as silicatein, [1] silaffins, [2,3] and ferritin [4,5] cause the deposition of inorganic matter inside or around the cell where the nucleation and growth of these materials is controlled. These proteins are being utilized in vitro for the creation of nanostructured materials. [6][7][8] Recently, artificial peptides with an affinity for non-biological inorganic materials have been discovered by means of a combinatorial library approach, [9,10] and these peptides are known to have the potential for mineralization. For example, peptides with an affinity for metals and semiconductors, such as gold, silver, silica, zinc sulfide, and cadmium selenide, can be used to synthesize crystalline nano-to micrometer-sized metal particles.
Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters, pi*, of high pressure and supercritical water were determined from 16-420 degrees C based on solvatochromic measurements of 4-nitroanisole. For the measurements, an optical cell that could be used at high temperatures and pressures was developed with the specification of minimal dead space. The low dead space cell allowed us to measure the absorption spectra of 4-nitroanisole at high temperature conditions before appreciable decomposition occurred. The behavior of pi* in terms of water density (pi* = 1.77rho- 0.71) was found to be linear, except in the near critical region, in which deviations were observed that could be attributed to local density augmentation. Excess density, which was defined as the difference between local density and bulk density, showed a maximum near the critical density of water. The frequencies of UV-Vis spectra of 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile and N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline were correlated with pi* based on a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) theory. Local density augmentation around 4-nitroanisole and that around 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile were similar but the augmentation observed around N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline was larger.
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