We aimed in the current study to understand the participation of PACAP in stage-specific Leydig and Sertoli cell functions. For this purpose, clonal cell lines TM3 (Leydig) and TM4 (Sertoli) cells, derived from the testis of immature BALB/c mice, were used. PACAP-specific receptors were detected in TM3 cells, but not in TM4 cells, which were characterized as PAC1 (type I) receptors. Stimulation of cAMP accumulation and testosterone secretion were observed in TM3 cells during 1~2 h treatment with PACAP38 (10 −10~1 0 −7 M) or PACAP27 (10 −11~1 0 −7 M). After around 10 h treatment with 10 −11~1 0 −7 M PACAP38 or PACAP27, proliferation of TM3 cells was suppressed in time-and dose-dependent manners, which was confirmed by real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) system and phase-contrast microscopy. At 6 h after the addition of PACAP38, the percent cell population in G 2 /M phases increased significantly, while that in S phase showed significant decrease with little change in G 0 /G 1 phases. The results revealed that PACAP exerts, in addition to early stimulatory effect on cAMP formation-steroidogenesis, sustained suppressive effect on cell proliferation in TM3 cells by controlling progression of the cell cycle. The suppressive action of PACAP on proliferation in TM3 cells supports the stage-specific participation of the peptide in differentiation of immature mouse Leydig cells.Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide originally isolated from ovine hypothalamic tissues for its ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase (24). On the basis of structure similarity, the peptide is known to belong to the secretin/glucagon/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) family (24). Two biologically active forms with 38 (PACAP38) and 27 (PACAP27) amino acid residues have been identified (25). PACAP27 corresponds to the first 27 residues of PACAP38 and exhibits 68% sequence homology with VIP (25).Highly abundant PACAP was first demonstrated in the rat brain and testis by radioimmunoassay and the total PACAP immunoreactivity (PACAP-IR) in both testes was found to be almost two times greater than that in the whole brain, which exceeded the concentrations of any other peptides found in the testis (3). Subsequent several studies have confirmed the localization of PACAP-IR (11,15,28,34) and PACAP mRNA (11,14,16,28) in the testis of the rat in various stage of age. On the other hand, two high affinity binding sites for PACAP have been demonstrated (9), and in the adult rat testis, PACAP27 binding sites were localized in germinal cells (29).
Corticosteroid is generally accepted as a standard therapeutic agent for active inflammatory (and) autoimmune eye diseases. In an attempt to develop a system to deliver corticosteroid most efficiently to the target eye, a sialyl-Lewis X (sLe
Aim This study verifies Chochukei (Zhang Zhongjing) as the revolutionist of decoctions. Methods We compared the frequency of decoctions in both the Shokanzatsubyoron (Shanghanzabinglun) and recovered literature from before the Shokanzatsubyoron, furthermore we examined the administrations of pills, powders and decoctions. Results Concerning the preparation forms in three recently recovered Chinese pharmaceutical texts dating back to before the later Han, the Gojunibyoho (Wushierbingfang), the Rokujubyoho (Liushibingfang) and the Buikandaiikan (Wuweihandaiyijian), the rate of decoctions was less than 10% in each one. The most frequently used formulas were powders, followed by pills, whereas the basic preparation form in the Shokanzatsubyoron by Chochukei from the end of the later Han was decoctions. Also, decoctions were given at a higher rate in this text, compared to the pharmaceutical literature of later ages. Focusing on the contents of the Shokanzatsubyoron, Chochukei refuted pills and powders, and specified to take decoctions. In addition, a transitional process was taking place from pills and powders to decoctions; the form of decoctions was considered superior, as decoctions realize a maximal therapeutic effect by reducing the burden on patients, allowing many medicines to be taken, and enhancing the strength of the medicinals by taking them warm. Conclusion From an examination of the existing pharmaceutical literature, we could establish that Chochukei developed decoctions that abstract the essence from crude drugs by adding water. He recognized that decoctions were more effective than pills and powders, the main medication in earlier times. We deduce that he was the ‘revolutionist of decoctions’ who developed and established the form of decoctions.
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