Cómo analizar factorialmente tus datos: qué significa, qué no significa, y cómo hacerlo. Masaki MatsunagaRikkyo University ABSTRACTThe current article provides a guideline for conducting factor analysis, a technique used to estimate the populationlevel factor structure underlying the given sample data. First, the distinction between exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) is briefly discussed; along with this discussion, the notion of principal component analysis and why it does not provide a valid substitute of factor analysis is noted. Second, a step-by-step walk-through of conducting factor analysis is illustrated; through these walk-through instructions, various decisions that need to be made in factor analysis are discussed and recommendations provided. Specifically, suggestions for how to carry out preliminary procedures, EFA, and CFA are provided with SPSS and LISREL syntax examples. Finally, some critical issues concerning the appropriate (and not-so-appropriate) use of factor analysis are discussed along with the discussion of recommended practices. Key words: Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Analysis LISREL -Parallel Analysis -Principal Component Analysis -SPSS RESUMENEl presente artículo provee una guía para conducir análisis factorial, una técnica usada para estimar la estructura de las variables a nivel de la población que subyacen a los datos de la muestra. Primero, se hace una distinción entre análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) junto con una discusión de la noción de análisis de componentes principales y por qué este no reemplaza el análisis de factores. Luego, se presenta una guía acerca de cómo hacer análisis factorial y que incluye decisiones que deben tomarse durante el análisis factorial. En especial, se presentan ejemplos en SPSS y LISREL acerca de cómo llevar a cabo procedimientos preliminares, AFE y AFC. Finalmente, se discuten asuntos clave en relación con el uso apropiado del análisis de factores y practicas recomendables.Palabras clave: Análisis factorial confirmatorio y exploratorio, LISREL, análisis paralelo, análisis de componentes principales, SPSS.

No abstract

Utilizing part of the survey data collected for a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded project from 29 public elementary schools in Phoenix, Arizona (N = 1,600), this study explored the underlying structure of Mexican-heritage youths' ethnic identity and cultural/linguistic orientation. Latent profile and transition analyses identified four distinct orientation profiles endorsed by the early adolescents and their developmental trends across four time points. Most Mexican and Mexican American adolescents endorsed bicultural profiles with developmental trends characterized by widespread stasis and transitions toward greater ethnic identity exploration. Multinominal logistic regression analyses revealed associations between profile endorsement and adolescents' gender, socioeconomic status, parents' birthplace, and visits outside the United States. These findings are discussed in regard to previous findings on acculturation and ethnic identity development. Individuals' adaptation to the immediate local environment is noted as a possible cause of prevalent biculturalism. Limitations and future directions for the research on ethnic identity development and acculturation are also discussed. Keywords acculturation; ethnic identity development; ethnolinguistic orientation; latent profile and transition analyses; Mexicans and Mexican AmericansThe size and range of migration has expanded worldwide over the past few decades. According to the UN, about 175 million people lived in countries other than their native country at the turn of this century, a figure expected to double by 2025 (United Nations, 2002). In the United States, the number of children of immigrants increased by 47% during the period of 1990 to 1997, whereas that of the native-born counterparts increased by only 7% (Hernandez, 1999). The greatest percentage of U.S. immigrants originate in Central America, including Mexico © The Author(s) 2010Corresponding Author: Masaki Matsunaga, PhD, Room 51-05-09B, Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan matsunaga@aoni.waseda.jp. Reprints and permission: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Declaration of Conflicting InterestThe authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Cross Cult Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 August 24. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript (Larsen, 2004). As a result, Hispanics, primarily those with Mexican heritage, make up the most quickly growing segment of the U.S. population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2004).Unsurprisingly, most immigrants experience substantial changes in their lives (Berry, 1997(Berry, , 2004Ward, Bochner, & Furnham, 2001). When migration occurs, acculturation, or the "meeting of cultures and the resulting change" (Sam & Berry, 2006, p. 1), is inevitable. Acculturation provides an enveloping experience that impacts individuals' affect, behavior, and cognition (Ward et al., 20...

This study examined the applicability of extending the theory of planned behavior to explain the normative processes in substance use among Mexican-heritage youth. The theory identifies norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control as predictors of intentions, which in turn, predict behaviors. To date, the theory had a limited conceptualization of norms and had not been extended to youth of Mexican descent, one of the fastest growing segments of the U.S. population and one at particular risk for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. Based on norm focus theory, it was hypothesized that norms are multidimensional, consisting of parental injunctive, peer injunctive, descriptive, and personal substance use norms. Second, it was hypothesized that parental injunctive, peer injunctive, and descriptive norms indirectly affect substance use intentions through attitudes, personal norms, and perceived behavioral control. The third hypothesis postulated that the model would operate differently based on Mexican-heritage youths' country of origin. Mexican-heritage youth (N = 1,499) from 30 elementary schools in Phoenix, AZ completed questionnaires in three waves over 18 months as part of a larger study. The findings supported the first hypothesis, showing the multidimensionality of norms. The second hypothesis was partially supported by findings from a multi-group multilevel path analysis using Mplus. Descriptive norms' association with intentions was partially mediated by attitudes, personal norms, and perceived behavioral control, while parental and peer injunctive norms were fully mediated, partially supporting the second hypothesis. Contrary to the third hypothesis, the mediation model did not differ based on Mexican-heritage youths' country of origin.

No abstract

This study examined the working mechanisms of social support for victims of bullying. Structural equation modeling analyses based on retrospective survey data (N = 448) revealed that the effects of supportive messages varied distinctively, depending on the content of the messages; emotional and esteem support enhanced, but network support impeded, positive reappraisal (the effects of informational support were not significant). Except for that which was related to network support, discrepancy between desired and received support was associated with less positive appraisal. Finally, positive appraisal was found to enhance victims' postbullying adjustment both behaviorally and psychologically. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications with reference to the literature on social support and coping of bullied victims.

No abstract

Discrepancy between bullied victims' experience and their parents' understanding indicates underutilization of family support system, and thus presents an important risk factor. An online survey (N = 300 child-father-mother triads) was conducted to establish a framework that helps distinguish families with different child-parent discrepancy levels. This family-level variability was modeled by profiling child-father-mother triad's family communication standard (FCS) orientations. This ''FCS profile'' indeed distinguished families with different levels of discrepancies. Further, SEM analyses revealed that those discrepancies presented a distinct risk factor vis-à-vis effects of bullying reports per se. Finally, FCS profile had an indirect association with victims' well-being via mediation by child-parent discrepancy. These findings are discussed with regard to the role of family communication in bullied individuals' coping processes.