Targeting less abundant amino acid residues on the protein surface may realize site-selective protein modification of natural proteins. The relative hydrophobicity of tyrosine combined with the π–π stacking tendency of the aromatic rings results in generally low accessibility. In this study, site-selective protein modification was achieved by targeting surface-exposed tyrosine residues without using a genetic encoding system. Tyrosine residues were modified with N-methylated luminol derivative under single-electron transfer (SET) reaction conditions. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed SET and electrochemically activated SET modified surface-exposed tyrosine residues selectively. N-Methylated luminol derivative modified tyrosine residues more efficiently than 4-arylurazole under tyrosine click conditions using HRP and electrochemistry. Tyrosine residues that are evolutionarily exposed only in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of an antibody were selectively modified by tyrosine click reactions. CDR-modified antibodies were applied to in vivo imaging and antibody–drug conjugated (ADC).

This study provides early evidence of the beneficial role that vitamin E-bonded dialyzers may have in preventing IDH. Larger controlled trials are needed to confirm this original finding.

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