The effects of Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), atrazine and two novel 2-benzylamino-1,3,5-triazine compounds, on photosynthetic oxygen evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence induction were measured in thylakoids isolated from Chenopodium album (wild type and atrazine-resistant plants) and cyanobacterial intact cells. The resistant plants have a mutation of serine for glycine at position 264 of the D1 protein. Diuron and two members of a novel class of 2-benzylamino-1,3,5-triazine compounds were almost as active in wild-type as in atrazine-resistant thylakoids, indicating that the benzylamino substitution in the novel triazines may be important for the lack of resistance in these atrazine-resistant plants. The inhibition by the herbicides of oxygen evolution in the cyanobacteria was somewhat lower than in the thylakoids of Chenopodium album wild type, probably caused by a slower uptake in the intact cells. The so-called OJIP fluorescence induction curve was measured during a one second light pulse in the absence and in the presence of high concentrations of the four herbicides. In the presence of a herbicide we observed an increase of the initial fluorescence at the origin (Fo'), a higher J level, and a decreased steady state at its P level (Fp). The increase to Fo' and the decreased leveling Fp are discussed. After dark adaptation about 25% of the reaction centers are in the S(0) state of the oxygen evolving complex with an electron on the secondary electron accepting quinone, Q(B). The addition of a herbicide causes a transfer of the electron on Q(B) to the primary quinone acceptor, Q(A), and displacement of Q(B) by the herbicide; the reduced Q(A) leads to a higher Fo'. The decrease of Fp in the presence of the herbicides is suggested to be caused by inhibition of the photo-electrochemical stimulation of the fluorescence yield.
Aim:To investigate the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and mortality from coronary heart disease, a nested case-control study was conducted for 39,242 Japanese who participated in the JACC Study.
In this paper, cathodes and gate electrodes structure of a CNT tube and its fundamental characteristics such as brightness, drive voltage vs emission current, adjacent leakage of light and emission life are described. The brightness of 3000 cd/m2 was obtained with a 10 kV anode voltage and a 0.5 mA anode current. The CNT cathode was made by printing to achieve low costs, and its thickness was approximately 10 μm. The gaps between the bare cathodes glass and the gate electrodes were about 50 μm, therefore, the gaps between the CNT cathodes and the gate electrodes were 40 μm. An emission current up to 2.5 mA was extracted by applying pulse voltage of 200‐300V to the gate electrode and about 20% reached the anode to excite the phosphor. The variation in electron emissions was measured over 6000 hours, and it was found that a sharp decrease of the emission current occurred at an early stage of the test and then it decreased gradually. It is very important for the successful manufacturing of the CNT tube to avoid a short circuit between the cathodes and the gate electrodes. We added some adhesive additives to the CNT paste and achieved no short circuits between them.
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