Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common problem in adults, especially among the elderly. We examined the prevalence and risk factors of UI and potential factors hindering individuals from seeking treatment for UI among a community-dwelling population aged over 40 years. Methods: Data were collected by mailing a 23-item urinary incontinence questionnaire to a random sample of community-dwelling individuals aged 40-75 years (n = 3500) in seven towns of Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Collected data were then used to estimate the prevalence of UI and to provide information regarding subtypes of UI, knowledge and self-perception about UI. Results: The overall response rate was 52.5%. Prevalence of UI for male and female respondents were 10.5% and 53.7%, respectively. The incidence of urge incontinence increased as age increased in the male group. In women, stress incontinence was prevalent at all ages and the incidence of urge incontinence increased over 70 years of age. Urinary incontinence was more likely as activities of daily living limitations and cystitis increased. Women with a history of hysterectomy or diabetes mellitus and men who had stroke were at increased risk for UI. Of those who reported UI, only 3% had ever consulted doctors or other health care professionals concerning it, 25% recognized their condition as a disease and 38% considered it curable by appropriate treatments. In addition, 63% regarded UI as an unavoidable consequence of aging, 63% considered their condition was embarrassing and 54% were reluctant to seek treatment from a health professional. Conclusions: Although UI is common among community-dwelling individuals over 40 years of age, the majority of affected individuals remained untreated due to lack of knowledge and/or a negative perception of UI. Thus, community education on UI may be needed to increase the number of UI patients who receive treatment.

Glomerulations during hydrodistention are highly associated with the over expression of angiogenic growth factors in the bladder. Thus, it seems likely that neovascularization promoted by angiogenic growth factors has an important role in the pathogenesis of IC, inducing glomerulations during hydrodistension.

Background and Purpose-We, for the first time, performed in vivo x-ray angiography in the mouse brain using SPring-8, a third-generation synchrotron radiation facility. Methods-A thin PE-50 tube was placed in the unilateral external carotid artery in adult male C57BL/6J mice. While maintaining the blood flow in the internal carotid artery, 33 L of contrast agent was injected and then selective angiography of the hemisphere was performed. Results-The average diameters of cerebral artery were as follows: 142.5Ϯ7.90 m in middle cerebral artery, 138.3Ϯ9.35 m in anterior cerebral artery, 120.5Ϯ5.53 m in posterior cerebral artery, and 162.6Ϯ10.87 m in internal carotid artery (nϭ5). To demonstrate the changes in diameter, we induced hypercapnia and detected the dilatation of the vessels between 121% and 124% of the original diameters (nϭ5). We also repeated angiography in the mice before and after intracarotid injection of vasodilatation drugs papaverine hydrochloride, ATP disodium, and fasudil hydrochloride hydrate and demonstrated the chronological changes in the diameters in each artery at 1, 5, 15, and 30 minutes after injection (nϭ1 for each drug). Conclusions-Using only a minimum volume of the contrast agent, synchrotron radiation enables us to study x-ray angiography in the mouse brain. The morphology of the vessels can be clearly observed under physiological conditions. The diameters and their changes can also be successfully studied in vivo. (Stroke. 2006;37:1856-1861.)

Our study suggests that immunological responses are involved in the development of interstitial cystitis symptoms. IPD-1151T could be a new oral agent for treatment of voiding symptoms and bladder pain in patients with interstitial cystitis.

Fig. 1 Computed tomography scans revealing a hypodense mass in the vermis (A), and no enhancement of the lesion in the fourth ventricle after the administration of contrast agent (B). 224Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 50, 224¿228, 2010 RGNT of the fourth ventricle should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infratentorial lesions in young adults. The prognosis is benign, but relatively aggressive behaviors such as tumor growth, recurrence, and acute deterioration due to intratumoral hemorrhaging can occur. Surgical resection requires care to prevent major surgical morbidities associated with lesions invading the cerebellum or brainstem.

The topographical distribution of complete and incomplete types of intestinal metaplasia in human stomach samples was investigated in order to elucidate their mutual histogenetic relationship and significance in carcinogenesis. Subgross stereomicroscopic examination of alcian blue and hematoxylin‐stained gastric mucosae allowed clear distinction of complete and incomplete intestinal metaplasia types as white (with or without purple hue) and purple foci, respectively, against the background magenta areas of non‐intestinalized mucosa. Intestinal metaplasias which developed in the fundic area were predominantly of the complete type whereas those of the antrum were a mixture of both with a distinct predilection for expression of the incomplete type. Although there was some variation among foci regarding the hue of white or purple, the color feature was principally homogeneous within each individual intestinal metaplasia focus. Thus phenotypic analysis indicated intestinal metaplasia expression to be clearly influenced by intragastric topography. The study did not provide any evidence that a shift from incomplete to complete type intestinal metaplasia may occur with time or that the incomplete type may be more intimately associated with development of well‐differentiated carcinomas.

A 9-year-old boy presented with an episode of syncope, and MR imaging revealed bilateral internal carotid artery stenosis with moyamoya vessel formation. He had had prophylactic cranial irradiation at a total dose of 24 Gy for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia at the age of 4. Following this, he was in a complete state of remission for 6 years. During an observation period of a year after the onset of syncope, MR imaging showed development of multiple ischemic lesions in both hemispheres. He developed a transient ischemic attack of mild motor weakness in his arm and an indirect anastomosis was performed on the severely affected side at the age of 10. Radiation-induced vasculopathies are known to be associated with primary diseases of intracranial tumors, but the frequency is unclear. Ours is the third case in whom prophylactic cranial irradiation for a hematological disorder might have induced cerebral vasculopathies.

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