The multilayer thin films having the form of Ti(30 nm)/Fe(dFe)/[Nd–Fe–B(dNd–Fe–B)/Fe(dFe)] ×5/Ti(30 nm)/glass were fabricated on glass substrates by means of radio frequency (rf) sputtering, with dFe varied from 0 to 50 nm and dNd–Fe–B from 0 to 100 nm. Magnetization measurements have revealed that the minor loops of the films are reversible in a certain range of demagnetization fields except for the films with dFe∼0 nm or dNd–Fe–B<10 nm. Micromagnetic calculation of magnetization curves has been performed, which has well reproduced the observed hysteresis loops including spring-back behavior and the dependence of the coercive field HcJ on dFe and dNd–Fe–B. From the comparison between experiment and calculation, we can infer that the interlayer exchange-coupling strength is about 10% of the intralayer couplings, which are found to be almost independent of dFe and dNd–Fe–B.
Background: Appendicular skeletal muscle (or lean) mass (ALM) estimated by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered to be a preferred method for sarcopenia studies. However, DXA is expensive, has limited portability, and requires radiation exposure. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is inexpensive, easy to use, and portable; thus BIA might be useful in sarcopenia investigations. However, a large variety of models have been commercially supplied by different companies, and for most consumer products, the equations estimating ALM are not disclosed. It is therefore difficult to use these equations for research purposes. In particular, the BIA equation is often age-dependent, which leads to fundamental difficulty in examining age-related ALM loss. The aims of the current study were: 1) to develop and validate an equation to estimate ALM using multi-frequency BIA (MF-BIA) using theoretical models, and 2) to establish sarcopenia cutoff values using the equation for the Japanese population. The mean values minus 2 standard deviations of the skeletal muscle mass index (ALM/Ht 2 ) in these participants were 6.8 and 5.7 kg/m 2 in men and women, respectively. Conclusion: the current study established and validated a theoretical and age-independent equation using MF-BIA to estimate ALM and provided reasonable sarcopenia cutoff values.
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