The authors found a shock-wave solution of the Einstein equation with nonvanishing cosmological constant. The solution is obtained by (anti-)de-Sitter boosting the Schwarzschild-(anti-)-de-Sitter metric. The solution can be regarded as an extension of the Aichelburg-Sexl geometry. It will be useful for calculation of graviton-exchange amplitudes.

In this paper, a protocol is proposed in which energy extraction from local vacuum states is possible by using quantum measurement information for the vacuum state of quantum fields. In the protocol, Alice, who stays at a spatial point, excites the ground state of the fields by a local measurement. Consequently, wavepackects generated by A' measurement propagate the vacuum to spatial infinity. Let us assume that Bob stays away from Alice and fails to catch the excitation energy when the wavepackets pass in front of him. Next Alice announces her local measurement result to Bob by classical communication. Bob performs a local unitary operation depending on the measurement result. In this process, positive energy is released from the fields to Bob's apparatus of the unitary operation. In the field systems, wavepackets are generated with negative energy around Bob's location. Soon afterwards, the negative -energy wavepackets begin to chase after the positive-energy wavepackets generated by Alice and form loosely bound states.

It is argued that the diffeomorphism on the horizontal sphere can be regarded as a nontrivial asymptotic isometry of the Schwarzschild black hole. We propose a new boundary condition of asymptotic metrics near the horizon and show that the condition admits the local time-shift and diffeomorphism on the horizon as the asymptotic symmetry.

The real and imaginary parts of the relative complex permittivity (εr' and εr") were measured in the ranges of X-band frequencies (8.2 to 12.4 GHz) and between 1 and 10 GHz for graphite, carbon black and coal powders at room temperature so as to clarify the relation between the complex permittivities of carbonaceous materials and their characteristics, i.e., graphitization, porosity (i.e., specific surface area) and ash contained in coals. It is found that the complex permittivities increase with increasing crystallite size and specific surface area. It is also found that the dependency of the permittivities on the ash content seems be negligible within the range of the ash content in the present study.

We propose a protocol for quantum energy teleportation which transports energy in spin chains to distant sites only by local operations and classical communication. By utilizing ground-state entanglement and notion of negative energy density region, energy is teleported without breaking any physical laws including causality and local energy conservation. Because not excited physical entity but classical information is transported in the protocol, the dissipation rate of energy in transport is expected to be strongly suppressed.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figure, to be published in JPS

The partner mode with respect to a vacuum state for a given mode (like that corresponding to one of the thermal particles emitted by a black hole) is defined and calculated. The partner modes are explicitly calculated for a number of cases, in particular for the modes corresponding to a particle detector being excited by turn-on/turn-off transients, or with the thermal particles emitted by the accelerated mirror model for black hole evaporation. One of the key results is that the partner mode in general is just a vacuum fluctuation, and one can have the partner mode be located in a region where the state cannot be distinguished from the vacuum state by any series of local measurements, including the energy density. I.e., "information" (the correlations with the thermal emissions) need not be associated with any energy transport. The idea that black holes emit huge amounts of energy in their last stages because of all the information which must be emitted under the assumption of black-hole unitarity is found not necessarily to be the case.

We study 2+l-dimensional Chern-Simons gauge theories with external magnetic field B and the self-interaction of the matter field. It is shown that the system has three phases depending on the strength g of the self-interaction. They are the symmetry-preserving phase for g > g,, and the symmetry-breaking phase for g, > g > -g,, with kg, the critical coupling constants. When g, > g > 0 the system has an excitation with gap; when 0 > g > -g, its spectrum develops the absolute minimum at a nonzero momentum. The corresponding excitation becomes gapless at g = -g,, and the system is unstable for g < -9,. We then analyze vortex solitons which are anyons. Nontopological (topological) vortices are relevant in the symmetry-preserving (-breaking) phase. The charge, spin, and mass of these vortices are calculated. These vortices can be analyzed analytically at the critical points g = kg,. The static energy of self-dual topological vortices is obtained explicitly, and is expressed as a spin-magnetic interaction. We also present analytic time-dependent solutions of nontopological vortices, which describe vortex solitons moving along the cyclotron orbit in the external magnetic field.

In this Letter, a protocol called quantum energy distribution (QED) is proposed in which multi-parties can simultaneously extract positive energy on average from spin chains by use of common secret keys shared by an energy supplier. QED is robust against impersonation. An adversary, who does not have common secret keys and attempts to get energy, cannot obtain but give energy to spin chains. Total amount of energy transfer gives a lower bound of residual energy of a local cooling process by the energy supplier.