It has been known since many years that there are histamine receptors (H) in the heart. Histamines display chronotropic and inotropic activity, cardiovascular diseases, and are thought to be a systemic inflammatory disease. During heart failure, the histamine concentration is elevated. In addition, H2 blockers prolonged the survival period for human patients with heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether blood concentration of histamine is associated with canine valvular disease (CVD). The histamine concentrations of dogs with CVD are significantly higher than those of healthy dogs. The histamine concentration gradually increases during CVD and is highly correlated with the grade of heart murmur. In conclusion, the histamine concentration was higher in the population of dogs with CVD compared with the healthy controls. Although the etiopathogenesis of CVD is complex and incompletely understood, it likely involves histamine. Ultimately additional studies are required to determine whether histamine blockers might be useful for the management of dogs with cardiac valvular disease.
Canine medial patellar luxation (MPL) is a very common orthopedic disease in small animals. Because the pathophysiology of this disease involves various pathways, the surgical techniques and results vary according to the veterinarian. Further, the landmark for block recession is not completely clear. We retrospectively evaluated 75 dogs (107 limbs) with MPL in whom our landmark for block recession was used from July 2008 to May 2013. Information regarding the breed, age, sex, body weight, body condition score (BCS), lateral vs bilateral, pre-operative grading, surgical techniques, removal of implants, concomitance with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, re-luxation, re-operation, and rehabilitation was obtained from the medical records. The breeds were as follows: Chihuahua (n=23), Pomeranian (n=12), Yorkshire Terrier (n=9), and so on. The study group consisted of 33 males (castrated n=13) and 42 females (spayed n=21). The median age was 53.3±35.9 months (32-146 months); 13 cases were less than 12 months of age (17.3%). The pre-surgical BCSs were as follows: 1 (n=0), 2 (n=20), 3 (n=24), 4 (n=24) and 5 (n=7). The body weight was 4.51±3.48 kg (1.34-23.0 kg); 71 cases (94.7%) were less than 10 kg. The MPL grades (each limb) were G1 (n=1), G2 (n=18), G3 (n=78), and G4 (n=10); 32 cases were bilateral and 43 cases were unilateral (right n=27; left n=16). The specific surgical procedure (distal femoral osteotomy) was 3 stifles in Chihuahuas. Concurrent with ACL rupture was 16/107 stifles (15.0%) corrected with the over-the-top method or the extracapsular method in Papillons (5/6), Chihuahuas (5/23), and so on. The occurrences of re-luxation and re-operation were 3 out of 107 stifles (2.8%) and 0%, respectively. In this retrospective study, we present a potentially good surgical landmark for block recession of MPL in dogs.
Achilles tendon rupture is uncommon in small animal practice. A 9-month-old, female, mixed breed dog (weighing 2.2kg) was referred to our hospital with a primary complaint of right hind limb lameness. Complete right Achilles tendon rupture was diagnosed by physical examination and radiography. The tendon was surgically repaired the next day by using a three-loop and single near-far-far-near suture methods. Complete healing was achieved by 97 days post-surgery. This report describes the surgical technique used for complete Achilles tendon rupture repair in a young dog.
Extracapsular technique with lateral fabellar suture (LFS) is one of the commonest surgical techniques for canine cranial cruciate ligament (CRCL) rupture. Among LFS methods, parallel double holes in the tibia are the most effective for the repair of canine stifle joint.
Feline hyperthyroidism (HT) is a common endocrine disorder worldwide, but clinical and laboratory features might vary geographically. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate feline HT in Japan, and compare results to those of previous study for feline HT. We evaluated 48 feline HT cases clinical and laboratory features. Surprisingly, the youngest patient was 32 months of age (2 year 9 months). There was no significant difference among the study subjects in sex, but frequency of spayed/castrated cats was high (85.4%). Median age was 186 months (32-272 months). 91.3% (n=42) of subjects were over 10 years of age, and 8.7% (n=4) were under 10 years of age. Clinical symptoms included vomiting, 56.3% (n=27); diarrhea, 2.1% (n=1); hyperactivity, 12.5% (n=6); emaciation, 41.7% (n=20); polyuria and polydipsia, 22.9% (n=11); chronic weight loss, 60.4% (n=29); and palpated enlarged thyroid, 2.1% (n=1). Concurrent findings included chronic kidney disease, 20.8% (n=10); congestive heart failure, 20.8% (n=10); tachycardia (over 240 beats/min), 18.8% (n=9); gallop rhythm, 31.3% (n=15); neurological disorders such as hind-limb paralysis, 14.6% (n=7); cystitis, 8.7% (n=4); gingivitis, 4.2% (n=2); diabetes mellitus, 4.2% (n=2); and arterial thromboembolism, 6.3% (n=3). In addition, laboratory features (complete blood counts and biochemistry) differed from those of previous reports in certain respects. Our results show that it might be important for practitioners to comprehend epidemiologic differences regarding feline HT worldwide.
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