In the article, principles of granting financial aid within the Rural Development Programme aimed at agricultural producer groups are discussed. Producer groups and organizations play an important role in Polish agriculture. Through group activity Polish farmers obtain numerous benefits, achievement of which would be impossible if they acted on their own. Since Poland joined the European Union, entities could receive financial aid within the Rural Development Programme. In the 2014-2020 programming period, conditions to receive financial aid have significantly changed in comparison to previous periods. Most of all, financial support was aimed only at new groups which were approved before 1 January 2014 at the latest. Moreover, groups gathering producers of poultry, poultry meat (fresh and chilled), and fruit and vegetables groups were excluded from receiving financial aid within RDP 2014-2020. By 30 September 2017, Agricultural producer groups were paid nearly 240 million EUR. Introducing new restrictive regulations concerning support for producer groups and organizations may contribute to a breakdown of the process of creating these entities. Data indicate that the number of agricultural producer groups decreased significantly in comparison to e.g. 2013 when new legal regulations had not been applied yet. The aim of the paper is to discuss the mechanism of providing financial aid to agricultural producer groups within the Rural Development Programme. Analyses have been performed
W artykule zaproponowano ujęcie konkurencyjności międzynarodowej jako katalizatora produktywności ekonomicznej. Przyjęto, iż jest to właściwość, która określa zdolność kraju do tworzenia warunków wzrostu produktywności oraz pożądanych zachowań rynkowych w sytuacji, gdy kraje pozostałe czynią to lepiej, sprawniej i efektywniej. Tak pojęta konkurencyjność tkwi w otoczeniu procesów produkcyjnych, sprzyjając wzrostowi gospodarczemu. Słowa kluczowe: konkurencyjność międzynarodowa, wzrost gospodarczy, katalizator produktywności Wprowadzenie Celem artykułu jest ustalenie teoretycznych podstaw ekonomicznych koncepcji "konkurencyjności międzynarodowej" (rozumianej jako "konkurencyjność kraju") zaproponowanej przez Portera (1990), która jest stosowana przy sporządzaniu rankingów krajów, między innymi przez Światowe Forum Ekonomiczne (World Economic Forum-WEF) oraz Międzynarodowy Instytut Zarządzania Rozwojem
The significant increase in the number of new food products means consumers have the opportunity to choose from among a wide range of innovative foods, which bring a variety of benefits to consumption, but can also, for some, raise uncertainty, opposition and suspicion. The article reviews the literature on innovative food products and their acceptance by consumers. The results of own research on the purchase motives and barriers to consumption of such products are presented in the context of theoretical considerations. The study is presented in relation to the issue of consumer innovativeness as a determinant affecting the approval or rejection of new products. The respondents' degree of innovativeness was evaluated according to Rogers' concept and the impact of this variable on the respondents motives of to purchase innovative products. For the comparative analysis of Polish and Ukrainian consumers' behaviour on the innovative food products market, international research was conducted in 2015 on a sample of 340 Polish and 255 Ukrainian respondents (595 respondents in total). The results clearly show consumer types differing from the Rogers distribution, as well as differences between Polish and Ukrainian consumers' appetite for innovation. Analysis of the literature and the research results together indicate that the motives and barriers to consuming innovative food products come down to features of the innovation (including price, functionality, healthiness, convenient packaging, taste), consumer characteristics (neophilia, neophobia, innovativeness) and environmental characteristics (trends in consumption, marketing and social communication). Those consumers who are innovators play an important role in shaping the positive attitudes of buyers in relation to innovative food products. Products possessing attributes consumers consider to be essential may also help in the desire to adopt innovation. Basing on the research results certain implications for managers responsible for introducing new food products to the market were presented in the paper.
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