Hen egg white is an original biological fluid in which major proteins have been widely studied, unlike the minor components. In this study, two-dimensional electrophoresis associated with mass spectrometry enabled the separation of 69 protein spots and their matching with major proteins, which were already known, and with minor proteins. Sixteen proteins were identified, and among them, two had never been previously detected in hen egg white, i.e., Tenp, a protein with strong homology with a bacterial permeability-increasing protein family (BPI), and VMO-1, an outer layer vitelline membrane protein. Thirteen proteins present a very wide polymorphism (ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, clusterin, etc.), some of them up to nine isoforms (ovoinhibitor). Eleven functional protein families were identified (serpin, transferrin, protease inhibitors Kazal, glycosyl hydrolases, lipocalin, bactericidal permeability-increasing protein, clusterin, UPAR/CD59/Ly6/ snake neurotoxin, cysteine protease inhibitor, VMO-1, and folate receptor families). These various biological functions could be interesting for further valorizations. In addition, three spots remain unidentified, probably because these proteins are not yet indexed in the international protein databanks.

Proteomic analysis was performed to determine and differentiate the composition of the secretomes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium CIRM-BRFM41, a peroxidase hypersecretory strain grown under ligninolytic conditions and on softwood chips under biopulping conditions. Extracellular proteins from both cultures were analyzed by bidimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 37 spots were identified. The secretome in liquid synthetic medium comprised mainly peroxidases, while several wood-degrading enzymes and enzymes involved in fungal metabolism were detected in biopulping cultures on softwood. This prompted an analysis of the impact of secretome modulation in the presence of softwood chips. Biotreated wood was submitted to kraft cooking and chemical bleaching using chlorine dioxide. The fungal pre-treatment led to a significant increase in pulp yield and a better bleachability of the pulp. This bleachability improvement could be explained by the production of specific lignocellulose-degrading enzymes.

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-Pulsed electric field (PEF) is an emerging non-thermal processing technology used to inactivate microorganisms in liquid foods such as milk. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of continuous PEF equipment (square wave pulses) on total microorganisms of raw skim milk and on Salmonella enteritidis inactivation under moderate temperatures (T < 50 °C). Processing parameters (electric field and pulse width) were chosen as follows: 45 kV·cm -1 /500 ns and 55 kV·cm -1 /250 ns, with increasing pulse frequencies from 40 to 120 Hz, that corresponds to an energy input varying from range 0-100 kJ·kg -1 . In these conditions, the effectiveness of PEF processing on microbial inactivation was very limited: 1.4-log reduction of total microflora and S. enteritidis was the maximal inactivation ratio obtained. The effect of these PEF treatments on physicochemical and technological properties of the milk was also evaluated. These process conditions had an effect on proteinic components of milk such as casein micelles, since viscosity of PEF-treated milk decreased and coagulation properties were enhanced for high field levels (45-55 kV·cm -1 ) with 2.1 to 3.5 µs cumulated treatment time and square waves. This study demonstrated that, contrary to numerous previous studies, PEF treatments had an impact on some food constituents. Résumé -Traitement de lait écrémé cru par champs électriques pulsés à température non létale : efficacité au plan de la destruction microbienne et effet sur les propriétés fonctionnelles. La tendance actuelle de l'industrie alimentaire est de proposer des alternatives aux traitements thermiques de pasteurisation. Ces traitements alternatifs doivent être efficaces sur le plan de la destruction bactérienne, mais moins sévères au plan physico-chimique, afin de garantir la qualité hygiénique des aliments tout en préservant leurs qualités nutritionnelles, sensorielles et fonctionnelles. Les traitements par champs électriques pulsés (CEP) sont souvent reconnus dans la littérature comme un des procédés innovants capables de répondre à ces nouvelles exigences. L'objectif de cette étude était donc ici d'évaluer l'efficacité de traitements en continu par CEP (impulsions élec-triques rectangulaires) réalisés à température non létale (T < 50 °C) sur la destruction de la flore endogène et des coliformes du lait ainsi que sur du lait préalablement inoculé avec Salmonella enteritidis. Les paramètres de traitements choisis (champs électriques et largeur des impulsions) étaient les suivants : 55 kV·cm -1 /250 ns et 45 kV·cm -1 /500 ns, avec des fréquences d'impulsion variant de 40 à 120 Hz, ce qui se traduit par un apport d'énergie compris entre 0 et 100 kJ·kg -1 . Dans ces conditions, l'efficacité des traitements est très limitée puisque au maximum 1,4 log de réduction microbienne a pu être atteint sur la flore endogène et S. enteritidis. Parallèlement, l'effet des traitements par champs électriques pulsés sur les principales caractéristiques physico-chimiques et techno-fonctionnelles du la...