This article studies the political credentials of the women and men nominated to serve as departmental executives, assessing the extent to which women have been marginalized in the president's cabinet. Although gender differences within cabinets of the modern presidency vary widely, they range along a continuum from gender resegregation to gender desegregation to gender integration. The cabinet is shown to have undergone gender desegregation, and sometimes gender resegregation, prior to the Bill Clinton administration, when there was a slight but significant shift toward gender integration. This increased during the George W. Bush years. Initial cabinet appointments by Barack Obama suggest that gender integration will continue, and even accelerate, in this administration.
The Office of White House Counsel sits at the intersection of law, politics, and policy. Its distinctive challenge is to advise the president to take actions that are both legally sound and politically astute. Often called "the president's lawyer," the counsel's office serves, more accurately, as the "presidency's lawyer," with tasks that extend well beyond the exclusively legal. Drawing on interviews with previous occupants of the office, the authors examine the unit's numerous activities, its place in the larger White House and executive branch, and the experiences of those who have served as counsel.The White House counsel's office is at the hub of virtually all presidential activity. Its mandate is to be watchful for and attentive to legal issues that may arise in policy and political contexts involving the president. To fulfill this responsibility, it monitors and coordinates the presidency's interactions with other players in and out of government. Often called "the president's lawyer," the counsel's office serves, more accurately, as the "presidency's lawyer," with tasks that extend well beyond exclusively legal ones. These have developed over time depending on the needs of different presidents, the relationship between a president and a counsel, and contemporary political conditions. Today, the office carries out many routine tasks, such as vetting all presidential appointments and advising on the application of ethics regulations to White House staff and 561 Presidential Studies Quarterly 31, no. 4 (December)
The December 2006 APSA report, “Trends in the Political Science Profession” (Sedowski and Brintnall 2006; Brintnall 2005), noted that the number of political science jobs posted on eJobs reached an all-time high for the academic year. Thirty-six percent of those jobs were in B.A.-granting institutions, institutions most likely to include a focus on liberal arts teaching. Similarly, results from the most recently available department chairs' survey show that almost one-third of all graduates in 2002, including those in non-academic employment, obtained jobs in B.A. institutions (Lopez 2003). In response to these circumstances, the Political Science Education Section has, at recent APSA annual meetings, including 2007's meeting, sponsored a short course titled, “Getting a Job at a Teaching Institution—and Then Succeeding!” For this article we have drawn on our experiences in the short course—and in interviewing, hiring, mentoring, and evaluating colleagues at a range of liberal arts colleges—to compile a list of frequently asked questions and their answers. B.A.-granting institutions are highly diversified, as evidenced by the authors' own affiliations. Still, after much discussion, we are confident that the advice offered here is broadly applicable to colleges focusing upon the liberal arts and undergraduate education. However, applicants should always research the mission and the corresponding commitments of the institutions at which they are seeking employment.
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