This study aimed to determine the effect of solar powered milk cooling on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of milk. So far, information on impact of solar milk cooling on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of milk remains limited. Samples of uncooled (144) and milk cooled (144) using SPMCS were analyzed for changes in physicochemical and bacterial counts. Clot on boiling, alcohol test and pH were determined as physical components of milk. Chemical composition such as butter fat content, lactose, protein and density were also determined using a lactoscan. Bacterial counts were determined and expressed as colony forming units (cfu). All cooled milk samples were negative for both COB and alcohol test while 12.5 % and 22.2 % of the uncooled milk samples were positive for COB and alcohol test respectively. The pH of cooled (6.63) and uncooled milk (6.4) was significantly different. Similarly, cfu for cooled (5.8 log10 cfu/ml) and uncooled milk (6.4 log10 cfu/ml) samples were significantly different. Negative clot on boiling and alcohol test for cooled milk indicates the effectiveness of SPMCS in preserving milk quality. Slightly higher pH and low bacterial counts of cooled milk was as a result of reduced microbial activity due to low temperatures provided by SPMCS. The system was effective in preserving milk quality on transit thereby lowering losses incurred by farmers.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex are important pathogens to man and causative agents of tuberculosis.Tuberculosis is one of the diseases that continue to be a public health concern in the world. Earlier, tuberculosis was considered controlled, but with emergence of HIV and AIDS, the disease has been exacerbated, with the highest incidences being in subSaharan Africa. Kenya ranks 15 th and 5 th in the World and Africa respectively. The World Health Organization indicates that there were 300 TB cases per 100,000 people in 2011. Information on the identity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV positive patients seeking treatment in Kisumu County is limited. In this study, we isolated and identified the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and also determined the prevalence of tuberculosis in HIV patients seeking treatment in Kisumu County. A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2013 and June 2014. The study engaged, 379 HIV positive patients suspected of TB infection who gave sputum samples. The sputum samples were then decontaminated, concentrated, liquefied and neutralized before being cultured in liquid media using MGIT 960 tubes. The culture positive MGIT tubes were sub cultured in Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA) before microscopic examination of the culture using ZN smear for Acid Fast Bacilli and identified using Genotype MTBC. In the study, 130 (34.3%) of the 379 suspected TB patients were diagnosed positive for pulmonary TB by MGIT culture. A significantly greater number of males were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis compared to females (57.7% and 42.3% respectively; χ 2 = 1.0342, df = 1 P < 0.05). Further, the study revealed that TB prevalence decreased steadily with age, with the youths being at greater risk of becoming active patients. In the age category of 26-35 years, prevalence was 36.92% while, for age category above 55 years it was 6.15%. Based on the results, the etiological agent of tuberculosis in Kisumu County is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the prevalence of infection was higher in males than in females and the prevalence rate to infection was highest among the youth. There is need for rapid and accurate diagnosis of active TB particularly in HIV-positive patients. Also, TB awareness and control programme should mainly be directed towards the youths by the all the stakeholders in the Public Health sector.
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