Background: Malaria mortality and morbidity have decreased in recent years. Malaria elimination (ME) and effective efforts to achieve ME is one of the most important priorities for health systems in countries in the elimination phase. In very low transmission areas, the ME programme is faced with serious challenges. This study aimed to assess the trend while getting a better understanding of Health Service Providers' (HSPs) readiness and challenges for ME in a clear area of Iran. Methods: This study was performed in two phases. At first, the malaria trend in East Azerbaijan Province, was surveyed from 2001 to 2018; afterward, it was compared with the national situation for a better understanding of the second phase of the study. Data were collected from the Ministry of Health's protocol and the health centre of the province. In the second phase, malaria control programme experts, health system researchers, and health managers' opinions were collected via in-depth interviews. They were asked regarding HSPs readiness and appropriate Malaria Case Management (MCM) in a clear area and possible challenges. Results: A total of 135 and 154,560 cases were reported in the last 18 years in East Azerbaijan Province and Iran, respectively. The incidence rate decreased in East Azerbaijan Province from 0.4/10,000 in 2001 to zero in 2018. Furthermore, no indigenous transmission was reported for 14 years. Also, for the first time, there was no indigenous transmission in Iran in 2018. The main elicited themes of HSPs readiness through in-depth interviews were: appropriate MCM, holistic and role-playing studies for assessment of HSPs performance, system mobilization, improving identification and diagnosis of suspected cases in the first line. Similarly, the main possible challenges were found to be decreasing health system sensitivity, malaria re-introduction, and withdrawing febrile suspected cases from the surveillance chain. Conclusion: Health systems in eliminating phase should be aware that the absence of malaria cases reported does not necessarily mean that malaria is eliminated; in order to obtain valid data and to determine whether it is
This article reports a study into 60 research articles (RAs) authored by Iranian medical researchers and published in high-quality international English journals. It investigated how academic professionals in medical sciences implement peer convenience editing (CE) to improve articles and make them suitable for publication. The research identified nine editing interventions that were categorized as micro-or macro-editing strategies.The findings indicated that the most frequently used strategies are microstrategies of substitution, addition, and mechanical alteration. The study also found that the abstract received the majority of editorial changes (mostly micro), followed by the introduction and then the discussion sections. The findings may help authors and institutions identify which sections and which types of editorial interventions are most likely to be required to ensure that RAs are optimized for publishing in international journals.
A growing body of research into second language acquisition (SLA) indicates there is a natural order for this process. Regardless of their first language (L1) or age, language learners naturally go through similar
developmental
stages. The
teachability hypothesis
(TH), the
learnability hypothesis
(LH), and
processability theory
(PT) are three outstanding notions designed to account for acquisition order and developmental sequence in SLA. On the basis of research findings inspired by these notions, we now understand that developmental aspects of grammatical features emerge in a fixed order while variational features do not. Instruction plays a facilitative role in SLA, provided that learners are developmentally ready for it. Language teachers need to be aware that formal instruction merely affects the rate of acquisition, not its sequence. TH, LH, and PT contain useful ideas for curriculum and syllabus design, for material development, teaching, and testing in general, and for diagnostic and placement testing in particular.
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