Objectives: To improve the understanding of the association between electrocardiographic)ECG(abnormalities and clinical outcomes of patients with all types of intracranial hemorrhage)ICH(. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary healthcare hospital on patients with ICH without cardiac disease or renal disease requiring dialysis. Demographic and clinical data were collected from hospital records. ECG record were Original Article obtained within 24 hours of presentation and prior to treatment. Records were interpreted for this study by a cardiologist blinded to other data. Results: Assessment of 291 patients)228 adults and 63 children(showed that subdural hemorrhage was the most common type of ICH)31.6%(followed by intraparenchymal hemorrhage)23.0%(. ECG records were available for 98 patients. ECG abnormalities were most commonly nonspecific ST-segment changes)32.6%(. In adults, history of neurological disease was associated with atrioventricular block)p=.004(and QTc prolongation)p=.041(. Pediatric patients exhibited associations between ST-segment changes)p=.045(and sinus tachycardia)p=.027(and type of ICH. However, ECG changes were not statistically associated with clinical outcomes in adults or children. Conclusion: Significant ECG changes frequently occurred in patients with all types of ICH but did not consistently predict the outcome in this study. Close observation of patients is still recommended to detect ECG changes that could affect the treatment.
The second element, frequently identified under the rubric of non-cognitive or personal qualities, incorporates components including personality attributes, behavior, values, interests, and other personal qualifications. 1The significance of understanding one's individual personality is crucial to performance in study and at work and to one's communication with others. 2 The relationships in the workplace, at school, and at home, ABSTRACT Background: The significance of understanding one's individual personality is crucial to performance in study and at work and to one's communication with others. This study aims to evaluate the distribution of personality types amongst medical students and to study the relationship between each personality type and academic achievement. Methods: This cross-sectional study was used. Total of 414 medical students from king Abdelaziz university in Jeddah participated. Data was collected by using validated DiSC assessment questionnaire. Data were entered by electronic questionnaire. A chi-square test was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 148 (36%) students belonged to C personality type. A total of 102 (24%) belonged to D type. The S type was found dominant amongst 127 (31%) students. Finally, 37 (9%) of the students conformed to the I type. A chi-square test was conducted to assess the relationship between academic achievement and DiSC assessment which revealed no significance P value (0.08). Conclusions:The highest percentage of medical students conformed to the C personality type, whilst the lowest percentage showed a tendency toward the I personality type. These results would be helpful for the undergraduate students or high school graduate in which some of them may have the belief that only certain kind of personalities would fit appropriate in the medical field or succeed. We recommend for further studies to be carried out using the DiSC model on students from other specialty rather than medical filed, as engineering, to see their personality type. This may help students in freshman year to choose a specialty that suit their personality type.
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