Damavand Mountain is a large volcanic system located in the north of Iran. Damavand has not had any recorded activity for 1000 years, but evidences of fumarolic activity have been observed near the summit. Due to the lack of data, there are no geodetic studies of volcanoes in Iran. Damavand magma source is modelled in this paper using Global Positioning System (GPS) instruments and Bernese software was used to process and support the interpretations. The maximum height variation obtained from GPS data was 4.7 mm. Direct modelling carried out in this paper demonstrated that a sill-like source model is the most suitable model to reproduce Damavand surface deformation.
According to geodetic research works, surface deformation in the form of uplift or subsidence in volcanic areas is either a sign of magma moving towards the opening of the volcano (inflation) or removal of the magma source (deflation). Using the new method of fundamental solutions (MFS) in this study, a deformation field for the surface of the volcano is calculated considering the effect of topography. MFS is a numerical technique for solving boundary value problems with known partial differential equations. This technique has not been used in volcanic deformation studies so far. Because of the simplicity and efficiency of the technique, it is also an effective tool for solving a wide range of problems in other fields of science and technology. To test the method, the displacement calculated using the MFS was compared with that of the interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations from the previous study in Cerro Blanco volcano. The volcano was in the deflation mode during this period at the rate of 1.2 cm/yr. The comparison showed a rootmean-square error (RMSE) in the order of 2 mm which represents a satisfactory agreement with the results of the observations, less than the RMSE of the analytical models considered.
Considering the importance of predicting volcano eruption and the large number of volcanic peaks across the world, having enough researches in this field is vital. Based on geodetic researches, surface deformation of the earth in the form of uplift or subsidence in the volcanic region, is an indicator of the magma's movement respectively towards the crater or the exit from the tank around. In this study, using the new method of the fundamental solution, the determination of the deformation field of the Campi Flegrei volcano, taking into account the topographic effect has been considered. Method of fundamental solution is a numerical Meshless method which is used to solve boundary value problems. No need for high computational cost in this method causes it becomes an effective tool in solving many problems in a variety of fields. To verify the efficiency of the method, the resulted displacement field was compared with the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations at the Italian Campi Flegrei volcano. The root mean square error was less than 2 mm which indicates a good satisfactory with the displacement field resulting from the observations.
Volcano is one of the geodynamic phenomena causing irreparable damages. As lava accumulates in reservoir and then comes to the surface, geometry of the source can be used to predict volcanic eruptions. In this study, using the inverse method of fundamental solutions (MFS) and taking into account the effect of topography, the geometry of the source including shape, depth and centre position of the magma tank is estimated. The MFS is a numerical method for solving boundary value problems with known partial differential equations. The displacement field calculated in the previous studies using InSAR for deflation mode of Cerro Blanco volcano was utilized in this study. It was estimated that the magma source of the volcano is a sphere with a radius of 1 km located at a horizontal position of (1:00164eÀ6; À1:00161eÀ6) km and the depth of about 10 km from the summit with respect to the defined coordinate system. This finding is consistent with that of recent studies in which inversion of InSAR data was used to analyse the geometry of the magma source. The RMSE between the deformation fields of the magma source calculated in the previous studies and that of the study herein via MFS was approximately 3 mm.
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