Based on 18mo post refractive surgery course observation, which is generalized to whole life, refractive surgery significantly imposed much less cost compared with spectacles and contact lenses. Refractive errors among Iranians result in considerable economic burden. Using the refractive surgery instead of other two correction methods has the ability to reduce this economic loss in the future.
Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of road safety interventions in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), considering the principles of systems theory presented in the Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety.Methods: We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched for original research studies published during 2011–2019 in the following databases: Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Global Health Library, ProQuest and TRID. We included studies conducted in LMICs, evaluating the effects of road traffic safety interventions and reporting health-related outcomes.Results: Of 12,353 non-duplicate records, we included a total of 33 studies. Most interventions were related to legislation and enforcement (n = 18), leadership (n = 5) and speed management (n = 4). Overall, legislation and enforcement interventions appear to have the largest impact. Few studies were found for road infrastructure, vehicle safety standard and post crash response interventions.Conclusion: Based on the currently available evidence, legislation and enforcement interventions appear most impactful in LMICs. However, many interventions remain understudied and more holistic approaches capturing the complexity of road transport systems seem desirable.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=197267, identifier CRD42020197267.
The main aim of this study was to compare fertility in minor (Sunnah) and major (Shia) religious groups of Iran after matching the two groups by some confounding factors. 12,099 data of population and census survey of Iran in 2011 in two provinces of Guilan and Kurdistan were used in this study. Propensity scoring matching method was used for matching two groups. First confounder variables were found and after that the groups were matched. Principal component analysis was used to make a socioeconomic (SES) variable. At the end, two groups were compared to each other by nearest neighborhood method. Also Poisson regression was used to find the effective factors of fertility. Before using matching method, the results showed that fertility in Kurdistan was higher than Guilan, but after matching, fertility in Guilan was higher. The results of regression model showed that in Guilan, living in urban region, age and level of education had effect on fertility, but in Kurdistan, education, age and SES were effective factors.
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