The presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), flame retardants (FRs), pesticides, and artificial sweeteners (ASWs) in the aquatic environments remains a major challenge to the environment and human health. In this review, the classification and occurrence of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments were discussed in detail. It is well documented that CECs are susceptible to poor removal during the conventional wastewater treatment plants, which introduce them back to the environment ranging from nanogram per liter (e.g., carbamazepine) up to milligram per liter (e.g., acesulfame) concentration level. Meanwhile, a deep insight into the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on mitigation of the CECs from aquatic environment was presented. In this regard, the utilization of various treatment technologies based on AOPs including ozonation, Fenton processes, sonochemical, and TiO heterogeneous photocatalysis was reviewed. Additionally, some innovations (e.g., visible light heterogeneous photocatalysis, electro-Fenton) concerning the AOPs and the combined utilization of AOPs (e.g., sono-Fenton) were documented.
Herein, the photo degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) was thoroughly investigated using Pt and Bi co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts under visible-light irradiation.
Background:
Oral candidiasis (OC) has a profound effect on the life quality of immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing chemotherapy.
Objective:
Systematic investigation of clinical outcome and microbiological features of yeast isolates recovered from the oral cavity of 150 Iranian patients with hematological malignancies.
Design:
MALDI-TOF MS, 21-plex PCR, and rDNA sequencing were used for identification. Antifungal susceptibility testing (broth microdilution, CLSI M27-A3/S4) and genotypic diversity of yeast isolates (amplified fragment length polymorphism) were assessed.
Results:
Nystatin treatment resulted in 70% therapeutic failure and administration of 150 mg fluconazole (FLZ) + nystatin for patients with OC relapse showed 70% clinical failure. Previous history of OC was significantly correlated with FLZ treatment requirement and nystatin failure (
P
= 0.005, α < 0.05).
Candida albicans
(80.3%) and
Kluyveromyces marxianus
(
C. kefyr
) (12.7%) were the two most prevalent yeast species isolated. FLZ and AMB exhibited the highest geometric mean values. 21-PCR showed 98.9% agreement with MALDI-TOF MS.
K. marxianus
isolates had the same genotype, while
C. albicans
isolates grouped in 15 genotypes.
Conclusions:
Marked rate of therapeutic failure of nystatin necessitated OC treatment with systemic antifungals.
K. marxianus
was the second most prevalent yeast and 21-plex PCR could be considered as an inexpensive identification tool.
This study has centered on the establishment of an efficient, simple and reliable dispersive solid-phase extraction method followed by an accurate trace determination of selected nitrophenols as a class of compounds with high toxicity and low degradability. To achieve the above goal, a zirconium-based amino-tagged metal-organic framework nanosorbent was synthesized, characterized and eventually employed for the extraction of two nitrophenols from various environmental water samples. Once the extraction of analytes had occurred, they were desorbed from the metal-organic framework sorbent using an appropriate mixed solvent followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the calibration curves for the analytes were linear over the concentration range of 1-200 μg/L. The accuracy of the method was tested by the relative recovery experiments on the fortified real samples with the results falling within the range of 91 to 106%, while the corresponding precisions varied in the span of 4.6-9.0%. Based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, the method detection limits were determined to be 0.5 μg/L for both analytes.
Herein, the efficiency of a number of D-g-C 3 N 4 -Bi 5 O 7 I composites for the photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole (MNZ) was investigated under visible-light irradiation. Initially, the operating parameters, intermediate products and related mechanisms were thoroughly assessed. The photocatalytic performance of D-g-C 3 N 4 -Bi 5 O 7 I composites containing 40 wt% D-g-C 3 N 4 (D-CNBi-40) was almost 4.3 times more efficient than that of the D-g-C 3 N 4 . Then, the effects of pH and D-CNBi-40 dosage on the photocatalytic degradation of MNZ were also studied and the optimum values were set. The optimum photocatalytic efficiency were achieved at pH 10, and carrier dosage of 0.8 g L À 1 . In another development, it was revealed that the variations in the catalyst performance were negligible over at least four consecutive cyclic runs. The photocurrent response of D-CNBi-40 was 0.7μA.cm À 1 under visible light irradiation, which was 1.5 and 2.18 times higher than that of Bi 5 O 7 I, and D-g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. The results regarding the radical quenching process demonstrated that * O 2 -, and h + were the dominant active species in the degradation of MNZ, whilst * OH played no major role in the respective degredation. In addition, the products generated from the degredation of MNZ were identified by GC/MS. The utiliziation of D-CNBi-40 in various water matrices for the degradation of MNZ disclosed that it has a great potential for practical application. Finally, it is thought that this study could be a step forward toward establishing an effective and recycable photocatalytic system in wide variety of aquatic samples.
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