Introduction Plants are in constant contact with microorganisms, many of which are potentially pathogenic, but the infection is a relatively rare event that usually involves speciesspecific pathogens. Plant disease resistance is elicited by specific recognition of pathogen-derived molecules. The recognition then leads to an array of resistance responses including the hypersensitive reaction (HR) at the site of pathogen entry and induction of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) immune response. SAR provides protection not only at the site of infection but also in distant uninfected plant parts against a wide range of pathogens and is correlated with the expression of pathogenesisrelated (PR) proteins, many with antimicrobial activities (Zhang et al., 2010). Pathogenesis-related proteins were first described based on their accumulation in tobacco leaves infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). A defensive role for these proteins in plant systems is suggested by their induction during the pathogen attack, and by their antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo. Genes encoding these proteins are now considered as an arsenal for the molecular breeding of pathogen-resistant plants. (Boccardo et al., 2019). PR proteins are classified into 17 families (PR-1 to PR-17) (Van loon et al., 2006). Amongst which, PR-5 (or thaumatin-like) proteins are a group of highly soluble strongly antifungal proteins that originally detected as the slowest moving band among several low-molecular-weight proteins resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of acidic extracts of tobacco leaves challenged with TMV. They were related to the intensely sweettasting protein, thaumatin, from the West African shrub, Thaumatococcus daniellii based on sequence analysis (Van der Wel and Loeve, 1972). Other members of the thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are known as permatins (Skadsen et al., 2000) and osmotins (Anzlovar and Dermastia, 2003). Mature TLPs fall into 2 size ranges, 1 group with a size range of 22 to 26 kDa (201 to 229 amino acids), and the other group with sizes around 16 kDa (148 to 151
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