Background: We evaluated the effects of high-protein dairy milk ingestion on changes in body composition, strength, power, and skeletal muscle regulatory markers following 6 weeks of resistance training in trained young males. Methods: Thirty resistance-trained young males (age: 27 ± 3 years; training experience: 15 ± 2 months) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: high-protein dairy milk (both whey and casein) + resistance training (MR; n = 15) or isoenergetic carbohydrate (maltodextrin 9%) + resistance training (PR; n = 15). Milk and placebo were ingested immediately post-exercise (250 mL; 30 g protein) and 30 min before sleep (250 mL; 30 g protein). Before and after 6 weeks of linear periodized resistance training (4 times/week), body composition (bioelectrical impedance), strength, power, and serum levels of skeletal muscle regulatory markers (insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, follistatin, myostatin, and follistatin–myostatin ratio) were assessed. Results: The MR group experienced a significantly higher (p < 0.05) increase in lean mass, strength, and power (upper- and lower-body) than the PR group. Further, IGF-1, growth hormone, testosterone, follistatin, and follistatin–myostatin ratio were significantly increased, while cortisol and myostatin significantly decreased in the MR group than the PR group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The strategic ingestion of high-protein dairy milk (post-exercise and pre-sleep) during 6 weeks of resistance training augmented lean mass, strength, power, and altered serum concentrations of skeletal muscle regulatory markers in trained young males compared to placebo.
COVID-19 restrictions are associated with poor physical-activity (PA). Less is known about the relationship between the combination of these restrictions with Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF), PA, mental health, and sleep-quality. The present study aimed to evaluate whether COVID-19 restrictions and RIF during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran are associated with poor PA, anxiety, well-being, and sleep-quality outcomes. A total of 510 individuals participated in an online questionnaire that was disseminated to adults (≥18 years) residing in Iran from 13 May 2021 to 16 May 2021 (~3 days), just after the end of Ramadan 2021. PA behavior (Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7), well-being (Mental Health Continuum-Short Form), and sleep-quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Of 510 individuals included in the study (331 female (64.9%); mean ± SD, 31 ± 12 years), 172 (33.7%) reported less PA during the Ramadan 2021. PA was associated with better well-being and sleep-quality outcomes. Regardless of PA, participants who fasted for all of Ramadan had less anxiety and better well-being outcomes than those who fasted part of Ramadan or did not fast at all. However, the fasting part of Ramadan decreased the sleep-quality of active participants. The Ramadan 2021 was associated with poor PA, well-being, and sleep-quality of Iranians. However, PA was associated with better well-being and sleep-quality outcomes, and those who fasted all Ramadan had better anxiety and well-being outcomes. Therefore, PA during Ramadan might be an essential and scalable mental health resilience builder during COVID-19 restrictions which should be encouraged.
Stigma can complicate people's mental health problems by affecting different sides of personal life, increasing negative attitudes, causing discriminatory behavior towards them, and reducing the chances of recovery and returning to normal life. This research aims to compare the stigma of mental illness among nurses working in psychiatric and non-psychiatric wards in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. A total of 240 nurses participated in this descriptive and analytic study. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI) Scale, which is a 40-item self-report questionnaire. All data were analyzed using SPSS 13. The majority of nurses have a medium level of stigma toward people with mental illness, and there is no significant relation between the type of wards and mean stigma scores. After eliminating factors such as mental illness in nurses and their families, it seems that only working with people with mental illness in psychiatric wards is not enough to create a positive attitude toward them. Additionally, the less physical activity and taking advantage of legal benefits of work hardship for psychiatric nurses, low income, and stigma toward psychiatric nursing, probably may make a difference in inclining to work in psychiatry ward between the two groups in spite of relatively equal stigma scores. O r i g i n a l a r t i c l e I NT ROD U CT I ONMental patients suffer from not only the mental illness but also its stigma (1). Stigma may be affixed to patients by other members of the society due to their perceived mental illness or physical disabilities (2). Stigma and discrimination can affect all aspects of an individual's life (3). High levels of stigma can complicate people's mental health problems, increasing negative attitudes, causing discriminatory behavior towards them, and reducing the chances of recovery and returning to normal life (4). Despite varied activities and movements' stigma, stigmatized attitudes still exist (5, 6). People with mental illness acquire stigma from different sources such as the community, family, workmates, and mental healthcare providers (7). Studies show that the frequency of stigma varies across nations and has increased in recent years (8,9). People with mental illness are far more likely to be the victims of stigma than those with physical diseases (10). Stigma and discrimination in connection with the mentally ill is the biggest obstacle in improving effective care and treatment. The mortality rates among psychiatric patients with medical comorbidity is higher than among other patients (11). According to studies, the mentally ill are more strongly prone to lowerquality medical cares, and 40% of those seeking medical cares do not receive sufficient services (12).One important and effective factor in the attitude toward mental illness is having a regular contact with it. According to studies, mentally ill people's families and those with mental health problems have positive attitudes toward mental illn...
It is well established that the rate of muscle protein synthesis is augmented after resistance training (RT) sessions when dietary proteins are ingested in young adults. Dairy milk (DM) has a high Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score and contains a complement of whey and casein proteins which have both been shown to stimulate the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway involved in protein translation. Studies have suggested that regular DM can augment some of the adaptations from RT in young untrained cohorts. However, the effects of high-protein DM ingestion in young resistance-trained populations are unknown. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of high-protein DM ingestion on changes in body composition, strength and skeletal muscle regulatory markers following 6 weeks of RT in trained young males. METHODS: Thirty resistance-trained young males (age: 27 ± 3 years; training experience: 15 ± 2 months) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: high-protein DM + RT (MR; n = 15) or isoenergetic carbohydrate (placebo) + RT (PR; n = 15). Milk and placebo were ingested immediately post-exercise (250 mL; 30 g protein) and 30-minutes before sleep (250 mL; 30 g protein). Participants performed linear periodized RT 4 x week. Body composition, muscular strength and serum concentrations of skeletal muscle regulatory markers (Insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1], growth hormone [GH], testosterone, cortisol, follistatin, myostatin) were assessed before and after 6 weeks. RESULTS: Lean mass (MR: 1.3 ± 0.3 vs. PR: 0.2 ± 0.1 kg), bench press (MR: 4.2 ± 0.8 vs. PR: 1.9 ± 0.7 kg) and squat (MR: 4.9 ± 0.9 vs. PR: 2.2 ± 0.8 kg) strength significantly increased in the MR (P<0.05) compared to the improvements in the PR group (p < 0.05).
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