In recent years, the increasing resistance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) to commonly used antibiotics has made it difficult to choose the best treatment option. Bacteriophage therapy could be a potent alternative to antibiotic therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify a specific bacteriophage against enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and characterize bacteriophage in vitro and in vivo. The specific bacteriophage was isolated and the effect of phage therapy on 48 mice (Balb/c) was investigated. Animals were divided into six groups, including A: PBS (negative control), B: bacteria (positive control), C: bacteria + ciprofloxacin (after 24 hours), D: bacteria + bacteriophage (after 24 hours), E: bacteria + ciprofloxacin + bacteriophage (after 24 hours), and F: bacteriophage + bacteria (after 24 hours). Specific bacteriophage against EPEC was isolated from hospital sewage. The bacteriophage had an icosahedral head (120 nm) and a tail (138 nm). The single dose of the bacteriophage (2 × 109 pfu ml-1) was able to control the infection. Unfortunately, because of the misuse of antibiotics by EPEC infected patients, the antibiotic resistant bacteria will become prevalent in the future and the treatment of EPEC infection is going to become more difficult than ever.
Background:Cholera could cause severe watery diarrhea and even death, but in patients diagnosed with severe dehydration, treatment with an appropriate antimicrobial agent could decrease the volume of diarrhea and shorten the duration of V. cholerae shedding. Unfortunately, due to the high antibiotic’s consumption, antibiotic resistance in V. cholerae strains is progressively increasing worldwide. The present systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the incidence of antibiotic resistance in V. cholerae strains worldwide.Methods: The incidence of antibiotic resistance in V. cholerae strains was assessed by conducting a systematic review and searching international databases including PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from Jan 1, 1990 to Sept 30, 2016 using related keywords. Studies were selected to be included in this systematic review according to a predefined eligibility criteria. International databases were searched for articles evaluating V. cholerae strains resistance rates to antibiotics. Pooled estimates of antibiotics resistance and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were categorized based on WHO regions. Results:V. cholerae was the most common bacterium showing high resistance rates to various antibiotics including furazolidone (83%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (67%), nitrofurantoin (66%), streptomycin (64%), and nalidixic acid (58%).Conclusions: According to this meta-analysis results, the high resistance of V. cholerae strains to antibiotics could be considered as a global public health threat. Therefore, it is recommended to select appropriate antibiotic treatment regimens for each region based on antibiotic resistance patterns of local strains in that region.
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