The aim of this study was to explore the dimensions and components of empowerment and promote the position of female educational managers. Methodology: The present study was a qualitative research of contractual content analysis. The sample size included 27 written documents related to the research topic and 19 interviews with academic experts, successful educational administrators and senior administrators who were selected by purposive sampling method. Semistructured interviews were used to collect data. To analyze interview information and documents; Inductive and content analysis methods were used. Findings: Findings from the analysis of interviews and documents showed components and dimensions to empower and promote the position of female educational managers in the field of information 3 dimensions (general, educational and managerial information), in the field of self-personality 2 dimensions (existential personality) Manager and interpersonal personality), in the political field 2 dimensions (government view and qualification), in the field of management attitude 3 dimensions (human relations management, special knowledge management and performance and efficiency), in the environmental field 4 dimensions (information from the environment, View of society, family and environmental impact) and in the economic sphere there is only one dimension of credit. Conclusion:The results showed that the most important components and dimensions for empowerment and promotion of female educational managers are: information field, personality, political, managerial, environmental and economic attitudes, respectively.
Background: Today, spiritual care is one aspect of holistic care. The role of nurses in providing services to patients is important. Attention to the variables involved in this type of care can be a basis for many training programs, especially in health care and treatment. The researchers decided to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness of nursing students, since they will be the health providers in each country's future. Methods: This cross-sectional study with quota sampling was conducted in the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin. A total of 107 nursing students in different academic semesters complete the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and spiritual intelligence. Data were analyzed via ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and t-test. Results: The average age of nursing students was 21.61 ± 5.25. The majority of participants (63.6%) were female. Total scores of spiritual intelligence and happiness with mean and standard deviation were 145.29 ± 16.44 and 39.32 ± 16.44, respectively. There was no significant difference between any of the socio-demographic variables, except for age and happiness (P = 0.031, R = 0.209). Significant differences were observed between spiritual intelligence and happiness (P = 0.000, R = 0.427). Conclusions: It seems that promoting happiness can lead to increasing spiritual intelligence in nursing students, which can improve the quality of care with emphasis on patients' spiritual care.
Breast cancer Disclosure Iranian womenBackground: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among Iranian women.Symptom disclosure plays an important role in help-seeking behavior among women with self-discovered breast cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to explain how symptoms are disclosed by Iranian women. Methods: This study was conducted based on the grounded theory qualitative approach. Twenty-two Iranian women with breast cancer, who discovered the symptoms themselves and were referred to 2 teaching hospitals in Tehran and Qazvin, were included via purposive and theoretical sampling.The data were collected through semistructured interviews and were analyzed based on the Corbin and Strauss approach. Results: The process of symptom disclosure had 5 stages including identifying the symptoms, evaluating and interpreting the symptoms, weighing the disclosure conditions, selecting the disclosure audience, and disclosing. The perceived threat was identified as the core category. On the basis of the level of threat perception and the seriousness of the symptoms, the 3 patterns of immediate disclosure, delayed disclosure, and nondisclosure were recognized. Conclusion: Perceived threat is the main motivator for rapid disclosure in Iranian women with potential breast cancer symptoms and leads to a better follow-up of the symptoms. Therefore, increasing women's awareness about breast cancer symptoms, treatments, and non-follow-up consequences leads to a better perception of the threat level. Implications for Practice: According to these findings, it is very important to increase Iranian women's awareness about the symptoms of breast cancer (especially the nonspecific ones). For this purpose, it is necessary to design educational interventions.
Abstract. Retaining walls are important geotechnical structures that are often used in soil slopes and trenches to bring ground surface at appropriate level for the construction of roads, highways and buildings. It is common practice to assume that the soil behind a retaining structure is either fully saturated or completely dry. However, for the case the soil is partially saturated, mechanical behaviour of the soil above the water table is different than that of the dry soil. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of the variations of degree of saturation on lateral pressure behind retaining walls. In this research, the seismic behaviour of unsaturated soils behind a retaining structure is analysed. A finite difference code was employed to conduct the necessary analyses and a series of equivalent linear analyses is performed to reveal the effect of the degree of saturation on the general response of the retaining structures. The required functions for unsaturated zone were defined and implemented in the code. For this purpose, a soil water retention function was employed and the soil shear modulus is assumed to vary with the mean effective stress for both saturated and unsaturated zones which naturally introduces the required hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated and saturated zone. The results of the analyses compared to the conventional methods which does not include the unsaturated mechanical properties, indicate that in the unsaturated state, the increase in the effective stress, and hence, the shear modulus considerably affects the seismic forces on the retaining wall.
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