BACKGROUND: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a major impact on the educational institutes globally and resulted in the transition from traditional educational systems to online electronic learning methods. OBJECTIVE: This study endeavored to address and compare the dental student’s understanding regarding the Oral Biology course by assessing their knowledge and skills between the students enrolled during 2020 (online teaching) and 2021 (face-to-face teaching). This study also aimed to assess the perception of dental students regarding the virtual mode of teaching. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study evaluated students from two years, in which a retrospective group of dental students enrolled during the academic year 2020 were compared with a prospective experimental group enrolled during the academic year 2021. Knowledge and skills for both years were compared. This comprised of theoretical and practical component. Students also completed a questionnaire that assessed student’s perception regarding online teaching. RESULTS: A total of 98 students of Bahria University Dental College participated. A comparison between grade scores of online and traditional learning groups reported statistically significant differences (p = 0.05*) with regards to short answer question types, viva or verbal questions (p = 0.016*). Strong correlations were observed via the multivariable analysis. All correlations were statistically significant at p < 0.01 level. Learning satisfaction was not satisfactorily observed by the online learning group. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that despite the disruption that the educational sector had to face due to the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the differences in the subjective domain scores, students appeared to like on-campus teaching more than the online teaching, as most students found online learning to be stressful and were quite unsatisfied. However, the difference in mode of teaching did not affect the knowledge and skills of the dental students.
The present study is aimed at exploring the relationship between depression and self-assertiveness. Sample of the study consisted of 100 people (men = 50, women = 50), who were taken from different offices, houses, and hospitals. Their age ranged between 18 to 50 years, and education level was at least middle standard and above. Their marital status was of both types i.e. married and unmarried. They belonged to lower and middle socioeconomic status. For the measurement of depression and self-assertiveness Urdu translation of Beck Depression Inventory (1996) and scale of self-assertiveness were used. Results indicated highly significant relationship between depression and self-assertiveness. The findings of the results also show that men are more assertive than women. They further show that low education makes a person non-assertive and depressed. Findings further reveal that men and women both can equally be the victim of depression in their life. Findings also suggest that married people are more assertive in comparison with unmarried people.
BackgroundSweepers are prone to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease even without tobacco smoking.PurposeTo investigate roadside dust as a cause of air flow obstruction among sweepers, and the role of spirometry in its preclinical diagnosis.Material and methodsOne-hundred nonsmoking sweepers (aged 30–60 years) of both sexes sweeping on roads for 8–12 hours a day for the Capital Development Authority of Islamabad, Pakistan were used as study participants (Group A). One-hundred healthy nonsmokers (aged 30–60 years) in the same socioeconomic group and living in the same environment represented the nonsweeper group (Group B). After proper clinical evaluation and chest X-rays, spirometric evaluation was carried out in both groups. Comparisons were drawn between various spirometric parameters.ResultsPulmonary function tests showed that the mean forced vital capacity was 78 ± 1.40 in the sweeper group (Group A) and 83 ± 0.86 in the nonsweeper group (Group B). Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 66 ± 1.67 in Group A and 85 ± 0.85 in Group B (P < 0.05), a difference of 19%. The forced midexpiratory flow was 41% lower in Group A than in Group B (P < 0.0001). The pattern of pulmonary function obstruction was shown to be proportional to the duration of exposure to dust caused by sweeping.ConclusionOccupational exposure to dust leads to an obstructive pattern among sweepers. Spirometry is the simplest, noninvasive technique to detect preclinical disease.
Psychological distress is a well-known term that has serious effect on the individual’s psychological and physical health. Now-a-days, it has become a topic of great concern for the psychosocial and educational adjustment amongst university students. The present study investigated the relationship between psychological distress, psychosocial adjustment and educational adjustment among university students. It also explored the moderating impact of self-efficacy on these variables. Data were collected from 304 university students (male=151, female=153). Kessler k10 Scale, General Self-efficacy Scale, Brief Adjustment Scale, Academic Adjustment Scale and Social Adjustment Scale were used to measure the study variables. Results of the current study revealed the inverse relationship between psychological distress, psychosocial and educational adjustment. Findings of regression analysis revealed that self-efficacy moderated the relationship between psychological distress, psychosocial adjustment and educational adjustment. Moreover, female students experienced more psychological distress as compared to male students. Results were discussed and limitations, suggestions and implications were presented for future research.
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