Menstrual patterns differ even in nongenital tuberculosis. Our objective is to determine whether nongenital tuberculosis makes menstrual dysfunction, before and sustain after treatment. Menstrual patterns were compared in women with pulmonary or extrapulmonary but nongenital tuberculosis with healthy nursing students and also with themselves, before and after treatment in a retrospective cohort study. Subjects were selected by convenient nonrandomized sampling but control groups were selected by random allocation among volunteers of nursing students. Case and control subjects were matched in age group. Menstrual patterns including amount, duration, interval, cessation of period, any menstrual irregularity, and pelvic pain were evaluated. Among 100 cases of proven tuberculosis, 90 patients had pulmonary and 10 cases had extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Secondary amenorrhea (P ≤ .001, RR: 22), spotting during menstrual period (P ≤ .0001, RR: 4.5), decreasing in amount (P ≤ .001, RR: 7.8), shorter duration of menstrual period (P ≤ .001, RR: 12), and pelvic pain (P ≤ .001, RR: 8.6) were more prevalent and significantly different in the cases compared to control subjects (with CI:95% and P < .001), but excessive or prolong vaginal bleeding was not observed. Menstrual disorders occur even in nongenital tuberculosis, but it is manifested with cessation or decrease in menstrual bleeding flow and period.
The General Dental Council expects United Kingdom graduating dentists to be competent at providing crown and bridge treatments and graduating students should feel confident to undertake these treatments. The aim of this study was to explore the confidence of undergraduate dental students when providing crown and fixed dental prosthesis treatments. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all (n = 198) undergraduate students in Years 3 to 5 at Bristol Dental School. The questionnaire comprised confidence interval ranked responses, and respondents’ data was analysed using SPSS. The response rate was 76%. Undergraduate perception of confidence increased throughout the three years of study (p < 0.01). There was a strong association between the amount of exposure students had to certain treatment stages and their perceived confidence levels. Confidence levels may be increased further with increased clinical experience.
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