Abstract-an important topic in the exchange of confidential messages over the internet is the security of information conveyance. For instance, the producers and consumers of digital products are keen to know that their products are authentic and can be differentiated from those that are invalid .The science of encryption is the art of embedding data in audio files, images, videos or content in a way that would meet the above security needs. Steganography is a branch of data-hiding science which aims to reach a desirable level of security in the exchange of private military and commercial data which is not clear. These approaches can be used as complementary methods of encryption in the exchange of private data.
Abstract3D printing of gears via fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been recently introduced as a low‐cost efficient manufacturing method. Different materials have been 3D printed and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) with excellent mechanical properties has been found to be promising. However, 3D printed ABS gears possess a high level of abrasion rate. This paper introduces a new class of ABS‐based gears reinforced by different amounts of milled E‐glass fibers and 3D printed by FDM with acceptable thermo‐mechanical properties and performance. A set of thermo‐mechanical tests is carried out to provide an insight into the influence of adding glass fibers on the glass transition temperature (Tg), hardness and teeth bending strength, teeth failure force, weight lost, abrasion resistance, mechanical wear, and performance of composite gears. The mechanical behaviors of driving and driven gears are examined in high and room temperatures with or without lubrication. Microstructure and gear profile analysis of 3D printed layers, worn surfaces, and fracture locations are also conducted by SEM images and profile projector. The newly developed glass fiber reinforced ABS gears reveal a high level of thermo‐mechanical performance in terms of hardness, mechanical strength, bending force, abrasion and wear resistance compared to pure 3D printed ABS gears.
Aim: Clinicians and researchers have always made every effort to achieve proper bonding between the surface of the tooth and the rebonded orthodontic brackets in order to prevent the re-fracture failure of orthodontic pressures throughout treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the bond strength of rebonded brackets by four adhesive removal methods. Materials and methods: Seventy-five orthodontic brackets were bonded to the extracted first premolar teeth and then debonded. Fifteen of these teeth were rebonded to new brackets after adhesive removal and were named as the control group. Sixty debonded brackets were divided into four groups by means of resin-removal: laser, burr, sandblast, and direct flame. These recycled brackets were re-bonded to the teeth with the same basic bonding methods. The shear bond strength (SBS) was measured at the speed of 0.5 mm/min and the data were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests (α=0.05). Results: SBS was significantly different in all four groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). The burr and sandblast groups had the lowest levels of SBS. Although the laser and flame groups had the highest levels of SBS, they did not show a significant difference (p=0.99). Conclusions: 5W Er:YAG irradiation and direct flame due to relatively good bond strength can be recommended as proposed methods for orthodontic brackets recycling.
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