Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are ambiguous burden of tremendous health, social and economic consequences. The current systematic review was conducted in order to determine awareness and knowledge of Africans toward sexually transmitted infections, not only concerning HIV/AIDS, but also other STIs such as gonorrhea, syphilis, HBV, HCV and HPV. A systematic review of literature was conducted, studies were retrieved and selected after fulfilling the inclusion criteria as well as passing the assessment procedure. Related data was extracted, quantitative analysis was conducted among participants who responded to questions related to HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV or STIs knowledge, sensitivity analysis as well as subgroup analysis were also conducted. Seventy four articles addressing knowledge among 35 African countries were included and 136 questions were analyzed and synthesized. The question "does using condom reduces HIV transmission?" was answered by 1,316,873 Africans in 35 countries, 66.8% [95% Cl; 62.6, 70.9] answered yes. While the question "is sexual contact a possible route of HBV transmission?" was answered by 7,490 participants in 5 countries; 42.5% [95% Cl; 20.4, 64.7] answered yes. The differences observed among populations are highlighting the possibility for improvement by directing light toward specific populations as well as addressing specific awareness knowledge to ensure that the general as well as the related specific preventive knowledge is improved.
30Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are ambiguous burden of tremendous health, social and 31 economic consequences, The current systematic review was conducted in order to determine 32 awareness and knowledge of Africans of sexually transmitted infections, not only concerning 33 HIV/AIDS, but also other STIs such as, gonorrhea, syphilis, HBV, HCV and HPV. A systematic 34 review of the literature was conducted, studies were retrieved and selected after they fulfilled the 35 inclusion criteria and passed the assessment procedure. related data was extracted, quantitative 36 analysis was conducted among participants who responded to questions related to HIV, HBV, HCV, 37 HPV or STIs knowledge, sensitivity analysis as well as subgroup analysis were also conducted. 38 Seventy four articles addressing knowledge among 35 African countries were included and 136 39 questions were analyzed and synthesized. The question Using condom will reduce HIV 40 transmission?'' was answered by 1,799,374 Africans in 35 countries, 66.82% [95% Cl; 62.65, 70.98] 41 answered yes. While the question ''Is sexual contact a possible route of HBV transmission?'' was 42 answered by 7,490 participants in 5 countries; 42.58% [95% Cl; 20.45, 64.71] answered yes. The 43 differences observed among populations are highlighting the possibility for containment and control 44 by directing light toward specific populations or countries as well as addressing specific awareness 45 knowledge to ensure that the general as well as the related specific preventive awareness knowledge 46 is improved. 47 Introduction 50 Sexually transmitted Infections (STIs) are ambiguous burden of tremendous health, social and 51 economic consequences. Most of them are hidden because many people may feel stigmatized when 52 addressing them. Moreover, the committee on prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases 53 in USA estimated that the annual costs of selected major STDs are approximately $10 billion or, if 54 sexually transmitted HIV is included, $17 billion [1] . 55 According to UNAIDS; almost 37 million people globally were living with HIV in 2017, sub-Saharan 56 Africa accounted for 66% of the cases, 68% of new adult HIV infections, 92% of new infections in 57 children and 72% of all AIDS-related deaths. Earlier in 2009, Swaziland topped the world's HIV 3 58epidemic countries with a 26% prevalence among adults, while South Africa was the country with the 59 world's largest prevalence of people living with HIV as 5.6 million [2,3] . 60On the other hand and according to WHO; an estimated 257 million people are living with HBV 61 infection with the highest prevalence in the Western Pacific Region and the African Region as 6.2% 62 and 6.1% of the adult population are infected, respectively. About 1% of persons living with HBV 63 infection (2.7 million people) are also infected with HIV. Moreover, approximately 399,000 people 64 89 exception was if the collection process continued months/years earlier than 2010 and ended in 2010 or 90 afterwards. The keyw...
In addition to excessive burden of non-communicable diseases, natural and manmade disasters and internal conflicts, Sudan is predominantly susceptible to communicable diseases such as Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Pneumonia, which bring about a burden of infectious diseases and demand for high quality health care. According to the WHO as well as the Sudan Health Observatory, Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in Sudan. This study therefore aimed to determine pneumonia infection prevalence among Sudanese as well as its related risk factors. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in the 1st of December 2020. The review was regulated in accordance with PRISMA. After abstract and full text screening only seventeen articles met our inclusion criteria and passed the quality assessment procedure. Seven included studies determined prevalence of pneumonia; the overall pooled prevalence was around 30%. Furthermore, twelve research articles investigated risk factors related to pneumonia among Sudanese population. Further research with larger sample sizes targeting risk factors of pneumonia among Sudanese population is needed to be conducted. Keywords Africa, Developing countries, Risk, STIs, sub-Saharan Africa
Background: Sudan is a Sub-Saharan African country with a high prevalence rate of Tuberculosis. Natural Resistant Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1) plays a potential role in the development of immunity against TB, and it has a critical role in disease resistance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of NRAMP1 polymorphism at intron4 (INT4) region with susceptibility to TB infection. Methods: Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were collected from 150 participants and investigated using designed questionnaire. The genotyping of NRAMP1-INT4 polymorphism was performed in 60 TB-infected patients and 50 healthy control using Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment-length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Results: Among cases (60%) were males, only (3.3%) were vaccinated. The most reported risk factors were tobacco smoking (17%), diabetes (10%), alcohol consumption (2%) and corticosteroid therapy intakes (1%). Pulmonary TB was detected in 67% of the patients, 24% had pulmonary/MDR and 9% had extrapulmonary TB. The frequency of wild G allele was significantly higher in cases compared with healthy control subjects (P-value <0.0001). Also, a significant association was observed between the heterozygosity for NRAMP1-INT4 variant and resistance to TB infection (P-value 0.001, OR= 4.83, 95%CI 1.96~11.88). Homozygotes mutant INT4 (C/C) genotype was not detected in both cases and controls. Conclusions: the NRAMP1-INT4 polymorphism may serve as marker of unidentified genetic factors that may play a critical role in host immunity to TB in the Sudanese population. Further studies with large sample size are recommended to determine population-specific genetic associations with TB susceptibility in order to guide TB therapy and prophylaxis in a population-specific manner. Keywords: M. tuberculosis, MDR, NRAMP1, SNP, Sudan.
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