To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the placental thickness measured by ultrasound sonography test (USG) in detecting intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) babies in the third trimester of pregnancy, keeping IUGR (by parameters using Hadlock) as the gold standard. Methods and materialsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at the radiology department of KRL Hospital from August 5, 2020, to October 25, 2021. Informed written consent was also obtained from each patient, and the hospital's ethical committee approved the study. Three hundred and sixty-two (N=362) pregnant women patients knowing of their last menstrual period, age group 20-35 years, BMI usual, and 24 weeks gestation were included. The patient's complete history was taken by clinical examination and then ultrasound was carried out to measure the placental thickness. At 24, 32, and 36 weeks, the thickness of the placenta was assessed. The Hadlock method was used to compute the predicted fetal weight by measuring biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL) on the GC Logiq P/6 three-dimensional machine (GE, Tampa, FL). SPSS v 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation from the collected data. ResultsA total of 362 patients who presented in the radiology department for antenatal ultrasound in the third trimester were recruited in our study. The mean age was 27. 26 ± 4.21 years (20-35 years). In our study, the mean placenta thickness at 24 gestation weeks was 24.55 ± 0.79 mm, at 32 gestation weeks was 31.84 ± 1.34 mm, and at 36 gestation weeks was 35.54 ± 2.78. Thus, ultrasound's sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value to determine IUGR by placental thickness was 86.30%, 86.70%, 75%, and 92%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound incorrectly estimating low placental thickness was 86.40%. ConclusionBetween 24 and 36 weeks of pregnancy, placental thickness rises almost linearly. As a result, measuring placental thickness and other factors is critical for estimating fetal age, particularly in the late second and early third trimesters, when the exact duration of pregnancy is uncertain. Placentas that were less than 29 mm thick at 32 weeks and 31 mm thick at 36 weeks were related to higher morbidity, lower Apgar scores, and more nursery admissions.
Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the placental thickness measured by ultrasound in detecting IUGR babies keeping actual birth weight as the gold standard. Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted in the Department of Radiology P.O.F Hospital Wah Cantt. The data was gathered over a period of six months, from 06-19-2017 to 12-18-2017. A total of 125 patients were included in this study. All pregnant women were examined by the greyscale and Doppler ultrasonography using a color Doppler scanner with a 5.0 MHz convex probe. Placental thickness was measured as the distance between the echogenic line of the chorionic plate and the hypoechoic myometrium. The pregnant females were followed till childbirth and the weight of the baby at birth was recorded. Results: Patients ranged between 20-35 years of age. The average age of the study participants was 27.6±3.3 years, the mean gestational age was 34.2±3.0 weeks, the mean BMI was 23.5±1.3 (kg/m2), and the mean parity was 1.1±1.0. We found a sensitivity of 65.5%, specificity of 83.3%, Positive Predictive Value( PPV) of 98.7%, Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 10.8%, and diagnostic accuracy of 66.4% for antenatal prediction of IUGR based on placental thickness measurement. Stratification for age and gestational age was also carried out. Conclusion: Placental thickness on ultrasonography can be used as a reliable marker for detecting IUGR babies with an accuracy of 6.4%.
Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound in determining the phenotypic foetal gender in all three trimesters. Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Diagnostic Radiology Combined Military Hospital Lahore from 1st January 2020 to 30th April 2020. Methodology: Three hundred and seventy two patients in the inclusion criteria were selected. Ages of patients, gestational ages of foetuses and their genders were determined according to the ultrasonographic signs using ultrasound examination. Patients were contacted 3 weeks after the estimated date of delivery and phenotypic sex recorded. Results: Mean age was 34 years. Median gestational age was 21 weeks 3 days. Accuracy of gender determination by ultrasound in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters was 62%, 97% and 95% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in 1st trimester for males are 66% and 72%; and for females are 72% and 66% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values for male are 69% and 71%; and for female are 71% and 69% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in 2nd trimester for males are 95% and 100%; and for females are 100% and 95% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values for male are 100% and 94%; and for female are 94% and 100% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in 3rd trimester for males are 94% and 96%; and for females are 96% and 94% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values for male are 97% and 93%; and for female are 93% and 97% respectively. Conclusion: There is a high accuracy of ultrasound in determination of fetal gender in second and third trimesters. Keywords: Ultrasound, Gender, Trimester, Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive Value
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