Phase I studies of volunteers not infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have shown that immunization with envelope subunit vaccine products elicits antibodies that neutralize laboratory-adapted (prototype) HIV-1 strains in vitro. Prototype strains are adapted to grow in continuous (neoplastic) cell lines and are more susceptible to neutralization than are primary isolates cultured in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this study, 50 sera from nine phase I vaccine trials and 16 from HIV-1-infected persons were evaluated for neutralizing antibody activity against 3 laboratory-adapted and 5 primary HIV-1 isolates. Of 50 sera, 49 neutralized at least 1 of the prototype strains; however, none displayed neutralizing activity against primary isolates of HIV-1. Serum from most HIV-1-infected persons neutralized both laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 isolates. These data demonstrate a qualitative, or large quantitative, difference in the neutralizing antibody response induced by envelope subunit vaccination and natural HIV-1 infection.

Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells is considered one of the important correlates for the protective efficacy of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines. To induce CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) along with neutralizing antibody and CD4+ T cell help, a live canarypox virus construct expressing gp120, transmembrane gp41, the gag and protease genes, and sequences containing CTL epitopes in nef and pol was given simultaneously with, or followed by, rgp120 SF2. CD8+ CTLs were detected in 61% of volunteers at some time during the trial. Three to 6 months after the last immunization, the gene-specific responses were gag, 26/81; env, 17/77; nef, 12/77; and pol, 3/16. Simultaneous immunization with the canarypox vector and the subunit, beginning with the initial immunization, resulted in earlier antibody responses. In summary, a strategy of immunization with a canarypox vector expressing multiple genes of HIV-1 given with gp120 results in durable CD8+ CTL responses to a broad range of epitopes.

A safety and immunogenicity trial was conducted in vaccinia-immune and vaccinia-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -uninfected adults who were randomized to receive 10 6 or 10 7 TCID 50 of canarypox (ALVAC) vector expressing HIV-1 MN gp160 or 10 5.5 TCID 50 of ALVAC -rabies virus glycoprotein control at 0 and 1 or 2 months and ALVAC-gp160 or 50 mg of HIV-1 SF2 recombinant (r) gp120 in microfluidized emulsion at 9 and 12 months; others received rgp120 at 0, 1, 6, and 12 months. All vaccines were well-tolerated. Neither vaccinia-immune status before vaccination nor ALVAC dose affected HIV immune responses. HIV-1 MN and HIV-1 SF2 neutralizing antibodies were detected more often (100%) in ALVAC-gp160/rgp120 recipients than in recipients of ALVAC-gp160 (õ65%) or rgp120 (89%) alone. ALVAC-gp160/rgp120 also elicited more frequent HIV V3 -specific and fusion-inhibition antibodies, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, lymphoproliferation, and cytotoxic CD8 / T cell activity than did either vaccine alone. Trials with ALVAC expressing additional HIV components and rgp120 are underway. AIDS, caused by infection with the human immunodefi-duce the transmission of HIV-1 infection and to prevent or ameliorate disease are needed, especially for developing counciency virus type 1 (HIV-1), is associated with enormous mortries, where ú90% of infections occur [1] and where antiretbidity and mortality worldwide. Safe, effective vaccines to reroviral drugs are not affordable.To prevent chronic HIV-1 infection, it is thought that a vaccine To circumvent the safety issues associated with vaccinia virusThe study protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review boards at each site. Informed consent was obtained from each volunteer in recombinants, an avipox vector, canarypox virus (referred to as accordance with guidelines of the US Department of Health and Human Ser-ALVAC), has been used to express genes encoding human vacvices and those of the authors' institutions.cine antigens, such as rabies virus glycoprotein, measles virus

Effects of preinoculation rotavirus antibody titers on the probability of infection and illness were evaluated in adults challenged orally with different doses of a virulent human rotavirus (CJN strain). Preinoculation titers considered were serum neutralizing antibody, serum rotavirus IgA, serum rotavirus IgG, jejunal neutralizing antibody, jejunal rotavirus IgA, and stool rotavirus IgA. Doses of virus of either 9 x 10(1) or 9 x 10(3) focus-forming units were administered to 19 subjects each. Twenty-six were infected; 15 experienced illness. The probability of either outcome was unrelated to dose. Stool rotavirus IgA titers could not be correlated to either infection or illness, but the mean titers of the other five antibodies were significantly or nearly significantly lower in subjects infected or ill, when compared with those negative for either outcome. When analyzed by stepwise logistic regression, only serum rotavirus IgG remained significantly (P = .005) related to the probability of infection, and only jejunal neutralizing antibody remained significantly (P = .01) related to the probability of illness.

Purpose -This study aims to investigate teenagers'perceptions about buzz marketing and the issue of disclosure. Design/methodology/approach -A structured focus group methodology was used in the study. Findings -The paper finds that teenagers like being buzz agents, they view this role as a job, they usually conceal the fact that they are buzz agents, and they generally see no ethical dilemma in not revealing their status. Practical implications -It is important to establish a relationship that encourages honesty and transparency in the marketing exchange process when teens are used as buzz agents. Originality/value -The paper provides useful information on the marketing exchange process when teens are used as buzz agents.