Although case series reports are the most frequent type of article published in surgical periodicals, their scientific value has recently been judged questionable for assessing the effectiveness of a treatment. It has also been suggested that strict rules, such as those published for randomised controlled trials (the CONSORT statement) could improve their quality. Forty papers on surgery for colorectal tumours were reviewed and a check list of items considered useful for reporting a case series was drawn up. Some items were borrowed from the CONSORT statement. The final list was checked against the 40 articles reviewed. Virtually all the published papers were defective in one or more aspects (selection of patients, details of clinical, pathological and technical data, methods of follow-up and statistical analysis). The quality of observational studies can be improved. Data collection is easier in prospective studies, and strict follow-up and appropriate statistical analysis may render a case series more reliable.
In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that bone marrow (BM) failures and myeloid malignancy predisposition syndromes are characterized by a wide phenotypic spectrum and that these diseases must be considered in the differential diagnosis of children and adults with unexplained hematopoiesis defects. Clinically, hypocellular BM failure still represents a challenge in pathobiology-guided treatment. There are three fundamental topics that emerged from our review of the existing data. An exogenous stressor, an immune defect, and a constitutional genetic defect fuel a vicious cycle of hematopoietic stem cells, immune niches, and stroma compartments. A wide phenotypic spectrum exists for inherited and acquired BM failures and predispositions to myeloid malignancies. In order to effectively manage patients, it is crucial to establish the right diagnosis. New theragnostic windows can be revealed by exploring BM failure pathomechanisms.
The latest use of the NET for educ.ationat purposes requires instructional ~'stems to be created conforming not only with the thzee classic dimensions reported t~. Hutching, i.e. ccontroI, eflbrt and synthesis, but aIso ~ith a fourth dimension, now considered to promote better mastering of the topic: COOl:~n'afion. Efficacious learning can thus be ensured, provided that the sy'stems developed are equipped with components that reproduce weltestablished pedagogicaI moctcls~ This is made possibIe by introducing A.I. tccniques in computer-aided l~.~,rning systems, that a11ow pede~gical strategies to be embedded. This paper presents an intelligent cooperative learning system on WWW, based on Stavin's Student Team Learning model for cooperative learning, inserted thanks to A.L techniques. The system, entitled ~Geometfimmo~, aims to atIow het~ogeneons groups of online students at lower seconda.,"y school level to approach the field of geometry by' means of axptoration and peer discassion and sotufion of problems.
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