Deoxyribozymes (DNA enzymes) are DNA catalysts for a variety of chemical reactions that typically involve nucleic acid substrates. 1 Our laboratory has focused on the in vitro selection of DNA enzymes for RNA ligation. 2 A highly challenging goal has been deoxyribozymes that synthesize native 3′-5′ RNA linkages rapidly and in high yield for a wide variety of RNA sequences, rather than for only a limited set of substrates. 2f We recently described a selection strategy that favors native RNA ligation by incorporating a stringently 3′-5′-selective step into the selection rounds. 2h We have now applied this strategy to identify two RNA ligase deoxyribozymes that rapidly form high yields of 3′-5′ linkages with modest sequence requirements for the two RNA substrates, thereby fulfilling all requirements for useful RNA ligase reagents. Because RNA ligation by protein enzymes 3 does not always provide acceptable yields, 4,5 the identification of general DNA enzymes for 3′-5′ RNA ligation enables alternative synthetic routes that will be useful for practical biochemistry.Our recently described selection methodology 2a was used to identify deoxyribozymes that join a 2′,3′-diol to a 5′-triphosphate (Figure 1). Previously, such ligations led to 2′,5′-branched RNA by reaction of an internal 2′-hydroxyl group, 2b,e or they led to linear 3′-5′ RNA but with restrictive and impractical sequence requirements. 2f Here, 3′-5′ selectivity during ligation was enforced by incorporating the RNA-cleaving 8-17 deoxyribozyme 6 into the selection procedure, 2h starting at either round 2 (for selections using 40 mM Mg 2+ ) or round 5 (for selections using 1 mM Zn 2+ ). In both cases, >95% of the ligation products from each uncloned selection pool had 3′-5′ linkages ( Figure S1). When the ligation activities had stopped increasing, individual deoxyribozymes were cloned. On the basis of a preliminary survey of activities, two clones, named 9DB1 (from round 9 of the Mg 2+ selection) and 7DE5 (from round 7 of the Zn 2+ selection) were examined further. By cleaving the ligation products from each of the two new deoxyribozymes with 8-17, which is highly selective for 3′-5′ RNA linkages, 2a both 9DB1 and 7DE5 were verified to create 3′-5′ linkages ( Figure S1).The 9DB1 and 7DE5 deoxyribozymes ligate RNA under practical in vitro incubation conditions. As shown in Figure 2, 9DB1 provides 60-70% yield of ligated RNA with k obs ∼ 0.04 min -1 (t 1/2 ∼ 15 min) at 40 mM Mg 2+ , pH 9.0, and 37°C. Similarly, 7DE5 has 40-50% yield of ligated RNA with k obs ∼ 0.02 min -1 (t 1/2 ∼ 30 min) at 1 mM Zn 2+ , pH 7.5, and 23°C. The 9DB1 deoxyribozyme is also effective at pH 7.5, where k obs is ∼0.2 h -1 (t 1/2 ∼ 4 h; data not shown). Incubation at the lower pH value of 7.5 instead of 9.0 should be useful for synthesis of larger RNAs that may experience more nonspecific degradation during an overnight incubation period, particularly at higher pH.In the selection design that led to 9DB1 and 7DE5, only one RNA nucleotide of each substrate was not base-paired with ...
The organic soluble extract from the leaves of the native North American prairie plant Ipomoea leptophylla (big root morning glory) showed in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract resulted in the identification of two new resin glycosides (6, 7). Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of these glycosides gave operculinic acid (1) as the glycosidic acid component as well as trans-cinnamic acid, propanoic acid, and lauric acid. The complete structure elucidation was accomplished through derivatization, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy (TOCSY, ROESY, HSQC, HMBC), and MS/MS experiments on 6 and 7 as well as the permethylated derivative 8.
Fluorescence techniques are commonly and powerfully applied to monitor biomolecular folding. In a limited fashion, the fluorescence emission intensity of covalently attached pyrene has been used as a reporter of RNA conformational changes. Here, we pursue two goals: we examine the relationship between tether identity and fluorescence response, and we determine the general utility of pyrene fluorescence to monitor RNA folding. The P4–P6 domain of the Tetrahymena group I intron RNA was systematically modified at multiple nucleotide positions with pyrene derivatives that provide a range of tether lengths and compositions between the RNA and chromophore. Certain tethers typically lead to a superior fluorescence signal upon RNA folding, as demonstrated by equilibrium titrations with Mg2+. In addition, useful fluorescence responses were obtained with pyrene placed at several nucleotide positions dispersed throughout P4–P6. This suggests that monitoring of tertiary folding by fluorescence of covalently attached pyrene will be generally applicable to structured RNA molecules.
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