In two experiments, subjects trained in data entry, typing one 4-digit number at a time. At training, subjects either typed the numbers immediately after they appeared (immediate) or typed the previous number from memory while viewing the next number (delayed). In Experiment 2 stimulus presentation time was limited and either nothing or a space (gap) was inserted between the second and third digits. In both experiments after training, all subjects completed a test with no gap and typed numbers immediately. Training with a memory load improved speed across training blocks (Experiment 1) and eliminated the decline in accuracy across training blocks (Experiment 2), thus serving as a cognitive antidote to performance decrements. An analysis of each keystroke revealed different underlying processes and strategies for the two training conditions, including when encoding took place. Chunking (in which the first and last two digits are treated separately) was more evident in the immediate than in the delayed condition and was exaggerated with a gap, even at test when there was no gap. These results suggest that such two-digit chunking is due to stimulus encoding and motor planning processes as well as memory, and those processes transferred from training to testing.
"Eighty Years and More – Looking Back at the Nineteenth Amendment" is the introduction to a special issue on American Woman Suffrage timed to coincide with the eighty-fifth anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. The anniversary invites us to raise questions about memory and memorialization, about which stories about suffrage endure (such as Susan B. Anthony's primacy in the campaign) and which figures and activities have been excluded from myth-making chronicles like the six-volume History of Woman Suffrage. As an overview of the collection, the introduction outlines both the impetuses for and the implications of dismantling traditional narratives of suffrage and refiguring the campaign as a multilayered, multifaceted phenomenon, functioning on many fronts and involving many figures whose efforts have been hidden from history. The special issue as a whole works to challenge old orthodoxies about the suffrage campaign by re-evaluating the contributions of figures like New York author–activist Lillie Devereux Blake and Wyoming justice of the peace Esther Morris and by reconsidering the rhetorical work performed by the creative tactics that characterized the campaign, including oratory, literature, and stereotyping. Reviews of three recent works of scholarship on American suffrage remind us of the persistent interest in interrogating the historiography of suffrage and of the continued need for research that furthers the goals of re-evaluation. « Eighty Years and More : Looking Back at the Nineteenth Amendment » constitue l'introduction à un numéro spécial sur le suffrage des femmes aux États-Unis, paru à l'occasion du 85e anniversaire du 19e Amendement en 1920. Cet anniversaire invite au questionnement sur la mémoire et la commémoration : d'une part les récits sur le suffrage que l'histoire a retenus (par exemple le roˆle prépondérant joué par Susan B. Anthony dans la campagne pour le droit de vote) et d'autre part les personnages et événements qui ont été exclus des anthologies telles que les six volumes de l'Histoire du suffrage féminin. Cette introduction offre une vue d'ensemble des motivations et des implications d'une remise en question des récits traditionnels sur le suffrage et une nouvelle représentation de la campagne pour le vote des femmes comme un phénome`ne complexe à multiples facettes, qui a joué sur différents fronts et vu s'engager de nombreux personnages dont les efforts n'ont pas été retenus par l'histoire. Ce numéro spécial, dans son ensemble, vise à contester les idées reçue sur la campagne pour le suffrage féminin, d'abord en réévaluant la contribution de femmes telles que Lillie Devereux Blake, activiste et écrivaine New-yorkaise, et Esther Morris, juge de paix du Wyoming, et ensuite en proposant une nouvelle analyse des tactiques créatives qui ont marqué la campagne, y compris l'art oratoire, la littérature et les stéréotypes. Des comptes-rendus de trois ouvrages récents sur le suffrage américain soulignent l'intéreˆt constant que suscite la remise en question de l'historiographie du suffrage et de la nécessité de poursuivre un type de recherche favorisant la réévaluation des idées reçues.
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