Organ and effective doses to 90 patients undergoing some selected fluoroscopic examinations at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital were estimated using the Monte Carlo-based program (PCXMC version 1.5). Radiation dose was estimated from free-in-air measurements. The mean effective doses were found to be 0.29 +/- 0.07, 0.84 +/- 0.13, 3.15 +/- 0.44, 6.24 +/- 0.70 and 0.38 +/- 0.05 mSv for urethrogram, barium swallow, barium meal, barium enema and myelogram examinations, respectively. The dose area product was estimated to be 3.55 +/- 0.95, 16.44 +/- 2.60, 50.81 +/- 7.04, 99.69 +/- 10.85 and 9.32 +/- 0.99 Gy cm(2) for urethrogram, barium swallow, barium meal, barium enema and myelogram examinations, respectively. Optimisation of procedures is required for barium enema and barium meal examinations.
Cancer incidence estimates and dosimetry of 120 patients undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) without screening at five rural hospitals and with screening using image intensifier-TV at an urban hospital have been studied. Free in air kerma measurements were taken for patient dosimetry. Using PCXMC version 1.5, organ and effective doses to patients were estimated. Incidence of cancer of the ovary, colon, bladder and uterus due to radiation exposure were estimated using biological effects of ionising radiation committee VII excess relative risk models. The effective dose to patients was estimated to be 0.20 ± 0.03 mSv and 0.06 ± 0.01 mSv for procedures with and without screening, respectively. The average number of exposures for both procedures, 2.5, and screening time of 48.1 s were recorded. Screening time contributed majority of the patient doses due to HSG; therefore, it should be optimised as much as possible. Of all the cancers considered, the incidence of cancer of the bladder for patients undergoing HSG procedures is more probable.
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