Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a severe, highly contagious, and economically devastating viral disease worldwide. FMDV affects animals with cloven hooves, including domestic and wild bovids. In this study, 100 FMDV field samples were collected in 2018 and early2019 from governorates in Egypt. Molecular and genetic characterization indicates that serotype SAT2 is widespread (in 96 cases), while only four cases of Serotype O were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of the study sequences indicates that the circulating FMDV serotype SAT2 viruses were homogeneous and related to Topotype VII. Importantly, the newly emerged viruses were closely related to strains isolated from Libya in 2012 (Topotype VII, lineage 3), with 92-93% amino acid identity, and were clearly separated from SAT2/GVII/Gharbia/Egy/2012 and SAT2/GVII/ Alex/Egy/2012 (Topotype VII, lineage 2), indicating a new introduction of FMDV serotypeSAT2 in Egypt. Moreover, the high antigenic variation in FMDV is recognized as a major problem in vaccination. Because the vaccine strains should match those strains circulating in the field, an updated vaccine is required to control the disease. Monitoring of FMDV in neighboring countries is essential to predict those strains that might escape into Egypt.
Horses have been shown to have the deadly genetic condition calledsevere combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Animals with the condition are unable to produce specific antigens for immunological responses as a result, they become extremely vulnerable to pathogenic pathogens and die before six months.The control and responses to pathogens of neonatal and young foals immune responses differ from those of adults. The purpose of this study to determine carrier of SCID gene in Arabian foals and mares in addition assessing cellular and humoral immunity in Arabian foals and mares. Thirty-eight, Arabian foals and mares were examined.Hair samples were examined for detection of SCID gene by fragment analysis. While blood samples were collected for erythrogram and leukogram. Also, immunoglobulins including Ig E, Ig G, Ig A and Ig M. Also, SAA and fibrinogen were measured in serum and genes expression using Real Time-PCR were performed for IL-10, IL-6, TNFα and TLR 4 mRNA. All samples were homozygous and free from SCID gene. RBCS and monocytes showed significantly high value in foals compared to mares while, there were significant high value in MCV, IgG, IgM, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR 4 mRNA expression in mares compared to foals. SAA and Fibrinogen showed non-significant difference in mares and foals.SCID diagnostic tests will aid in breeding programme selection to prevent carrier-to-carrier mating. Also assessing immunity in mares and foals is very important tools to determine the optimal immunological pathways and provide fresh preventative measures to ward off contagious diseases.
Twin pregnancies in Arabian horses is a major cause of abortion. In all
cases when the abortion occurs, it occurs for both fetuses. Unusually in
the case described here, which we believe has not previously been
documented in Arabian horses, one fetus aborted in undersized and
representing an age of 4 months. The other fetus completed the gestation
and reached full term followed by birth. The authors postulated that one
fetus underwent a stage of diapause like marsupials in a blastocyst
stage then re-grew again, followed by abortion. The parentage analysis
confirmed that both feti are derived from the same dam and sire
stallion.
Authors' Contribution JZ collected the samples. XX analysed the data. MC conducted the experiments and analysed the results. All authors discussed the results and wrote the manuscript.
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